例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument. 本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。 10．Incur

英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。

例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.

如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。

例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.

产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。 11．To-wit

作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为“即”，相当于基础英语中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。

例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($1,011,150.00) cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good and

valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:

兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让***，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：

12．Sanction, approval, examination

英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。

例如：The amendment of the contract or other appendices shall come into force only after a written agreement has been signed by Party A and Party B and approved by the original examination and approval authority.本合同的修改或其他附件当仅当甲乙双方签署完书面协议后并经原审批机关批准后方能生效。

例如：This sanction is lifted prospectively upon the filing of a proper registration. 妥当的登记申请才会提交审批。

此外，sanction在英文合同中也常作“制裁”解。

例如：If Licensee is joined in such proceeding, Licensor shall indemnify and

hold harmless Licensee from and against any claim, sanction, liability, damages, attorney's fees, judgments or orders of any kind arising out of such proceeding.

如果被许可方参加该诉讼，许可方则应保证赔偿许可方由该诉讼导致的任何索赔、制裁、债务、损害赔偿、律师费、判决或任何裁令并保证免除被许可方有关责任。 13．Do sth. in its entirety

英文合同中do sth. in its entirety相当于基础英语中的do sth. totally或do sth. as a whole，表示完全彻底地做某事。

例如：The Aggregate Revolving Commitment (and the Revolving Commitment of each

Bank) shall terminate in its entirety on April 15, 1998 unless the Closing Date shall have occurred on or prior to such date.联合周转协议（及各银行的周转协议）应在1998年4月15日完全终止，除非结算发生在当天或先于该日期。

14．encumbrance, mortgage, charge, pledge, security, lien, security

mortgage相当于我国法律的抵押；pledge相当于质押，lien相当于留置，security相当于担保，保证；

encumbrance: A liability or claim which burdens property, e.g., a lease, mortgage, easement, restrictive covenant, rentcharge…（Dictionary of Law, 6th edition, L.B.Curzon）指在财产上设定的债务或债权，如：租赁、抵押、地役、限制性契约，收租。试译为他物权。 charge: …4. An encumbrance, e.g., on land, which secures payments for money…(Idem) 一种担保物权，如：土地上设定的用于付款的担保，保证。

例如：Seller warrants that the goods are now free, and that at the time of delivery shall be free from any security interest or other lien or encumbrance.

卖方保证货物现无约束，交付时应没有设定担保物权、其他留置权或债权。 例如：During the joint venture term of the Joint Venture Company, Without Party B’s written consent, Party A shall not create any option, right to acquire, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, or any other form of security or encumbrance on, over, or affecting the whole or any part of its equity interest in the Joint Venture Company. 本合资公司合营期间，未经乙方书面同意，甲方不得对本合资公司所有或部分股权设定期权、购并权、抵押权、保证、抵押权、留置权、或其他任何形式的担保或债权，或因以上设定影响本合资公司的所有或部分股权。 15．Pertinent, relevant

这两个词都是作为形容词“有关的，相关的”含义，出现在英文合同中，pertinent似乎较relevant更为正式。

例如：All activities of the Cooperative venture company shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.

合作经营企业的一切活动均应受中华人民共和国的法律、法令及有关规定和规章约制。 再如：In accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and other relevant Chinese laws and regulations, ABC Company and XYZ Company, in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultations, agree to jointly set up a Cooperative venture in Beijing, the People's Republic of China.

根据中华人民共和国中外合作企业法及有关法律法规，ABC公司与XYZ公司，本着平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，同意共同在中华人民共和国北京设立合作企业。

16．Seek recourse to, resort to 在英文合同中都表示“求助于，诉诸于”的含义。

例如：The arbitration shall take place in Beijing and the decision of the Arbitration Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties; neither party shall seek recourse to a law court or other authorities to appeal for revision of the decision. Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.

仲裁应在北京进行。仲裁委员会的裁定应为终局性，对双方均有约束力。任一方不得诉诸于法院或其他机构上诉寻求修正该裁定。仲裁费应由败诉方承担。

又如：The exercise of a remedy does not waive the right of either party to resort to arbitration or reference.任一方行使补救权利不放弃其诉诸仲裁或仲裁程序的权利。

从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。

实际上，这种公文语惯用副词为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：

从此以后、今后：hereafter；

此后、以后：thereafter；

在其上：thereon,thereupon；

在其下：thereunder；

对于这个：hereto；

对于那个：whereto；

在上文：hereinabove，hereinbefore；

在下文：hereinafter，hereinbelow；

在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；

在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．

现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。

例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。

This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.

例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。

The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.

英文合同结构与主要条款

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标准英文合同通常可以分为前言（Preamble）、正文（Habendum）、证明部分（Attestation）、附录（Schedule）四大部分组成。

1. 前言（Preamble）部分

前言部分主要有如下内容：

(1) 指明签约双（各）方

例1：

This JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENT (\and between E*TRADE GROUP, INC., a Delaware corporation (\and SOFTBANK CORP., a Japanese corporation (\are hereunder also referred to collectively as the \and individually as a \.\

例2：

THIS DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPLY AGREEMENT (the \is entered into and is effective as of June 30, 1995 (the \corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of Delaware, U.S.A. with its principal place of business at 1376 Willow Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 (\and Samsung Electronics Corporation, a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the Republic of Korea, having its principal place of business at 20th Floor, Severance Building, 84-11, 5-Ka, Namdaemoon-Ro, Chung-Ku, Seoul, Korea (\

(2) “鉴于（Whereas）”、“叙述（Recital）”或“背景（Background）”部分

该部分主要是介绍合同的相关情况，具体有如下内容：

a) 合同双（各）方的背景情况介绍，如各方所从事的行业：

例1：

AMD engages through its Communication Products Division (\in the design, development, manufacture and sale of telecommunication products for public