Education Press, 2001. 3.Peter Newmark: A Textbook of Translation [M], Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. 4.L. S. Barkhudarov: 《语言与翻译》

第五章 省译法

所谓省译法，就是把原文中需要而译文中不需要的词语在翻译时予以省略。换言之，省译法是出于译文语法和修辞的需要，省略了一些译文中虽无其词语而已有其意，或者是有了反嫌累赘或不符合译文表达习惯的词语。省略词语的原则是在能够充分表达原文内容的前提下，使译文更加通顺流畅、言简意赅。 一）按照汉语语法需要而省词

1.省略冠词

汉语没有冠词。根据汉语表达习惯，英语的冠词在译成汉语时往往可以省略。 （1）A doctor should have patience in work. 医生对待工作应当有耐心。

（2）The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。

(3) Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。 2.省略代词

英语的代词用得较多，汉语则使用不多。因此英译汉时，常可把多余的代词省略不译。 (1) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。

(2) For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its rooms, its electric wiring, its path and its garden. 两周以来，他一直注意观察房子的情况，查看各个房间，留心电线的走向、通道和花园的布局。

(3) They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony, but even with friendliness.

他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，顿受感染，言谈间不但没有恶言恶语，甚至还充满友好之情。 3.省略动词

英语的谓语必须有动词，而谓语通常又是句子中不可或缺的成分，因此英语的句子离开不了动词。而汉语却不一定要用动词作谓语，因此英译汉时，往往可以省略原文的谓语动词，尤其是省略原文的系动词更为常见。 (1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。

(2) Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. 如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。 (3) For this reason television signals have a short range. 因此，电视信号的传播距离很短。 4. 省略介词

英语中的介词译成汉语时大多可以省略，尤其是出现在句首的时候。

(1) Rumours had already spread along the streets and lanes.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。 (2) Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不许吸烟。

(3) The difference between the two machines consists in power. 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。 5. 省略连接词

英语中的连接词在句子结构中起着上下文之间的联系作用，常用于表示前后词语的逻辑关系和语法关系。而汉语中的连接词用得不多，其逻辑关系常通过词语的次序来表示，不需要由连接词来表示相互之间的关系，因此在很多情况下大可不必将连接词译出来。

(1) He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。

(2) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 (3) If winter comes, can spring be far behind ?冬天来了，春天还会遥远吗？ (二）按照汉语修辞需要而省词语

有时如果把英语中的某一部分词语译成汉语后，读起来反而显得罗嗦。在这种情况下便可以将这一部分词语省略不译。

(1) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。

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(2) 1945 witnessed the end of the Anti-Japannese War. 1945年，抗日战争结束了。

(3) On arriving at the destination, I became a very tired man. 到了目的地，我累极了。 三）按照汉语表达习惯而省略词语

英语中有时为了加重语气或出于强调、修辞等目的，常常使用一些成对出现的同义词。由于这些词表达的都是同一层意思，因此可以把它们合起来译成一个词或词组。

(1) The old man was dead and gone last week.那个老头上周死了。 (2) Our goals and aims must be reached.我们的目的一定要达到。

(3) Her mother was surprised and taken aback. 她母亲确实吓了一跳。 1. A doctor should have patience in his work.

2. We cannot see sound waves as they travel through air. 3. It is only shallow people who judge by appearances. 4. We live and learn.

5. In spring the day is getting longer and longer and the night shorter and shorter. 6. Rumours had already spread along the streets and lanes. 7. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 8. Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy. 9. Different kinds of matter have different properties. 10. 1945 witnessed the end of the Anti-Japanese War. 11. Our goals and aims must be reached.

12. If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.

13. These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.

14. Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.

15. It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it.

16. Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge has given man the practical result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others.

17. There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness. 18. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 19. The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.

20. For generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport man from place to place. 1、医生对待工作应当有耐心。

2、声波在空气中传播时，是看不见的。 3、只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。 4、活到老，学到老。

5、春季白天越来越长，夜晚越来越短。 6、大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。 7、冬天来了，春天还会遥远吗？ 8、早起早睡使人身体健康。 9、不同的物质具有不同的特性。 10、1946年抗日战争结束了。 11、我们的目的一定要达到。 12、他这个人得寸进尺。

13、这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。（地大物博，人口众多）

14、冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节；虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却很美丽。 15、说有饭大家吃并不完全正确。

16、人类对科学的探索，对知识的寻求，其实际结果是使自己具有抵御天灾人祸的能力 17、他从容不迫，和蔼可亲。（他举止不慌不忙，十分友好） 18、不要自找麻烦。

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19、与人同乐才是真乐。

20、几十年来，煤和石油一直被认为是交通运输的主要能源。

第六章 词类转换法

一）名词与动词的互相转换

1 His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest他因受贿而被捕。

2 My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建议他立即戒烟。 3 Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。

4 He did not look or act like his usual self– his face was very red, his hat was on the back of his head , his hair was wildly rumpled.他此时的样子和表现都一反常态---脸孔涨得通红，帽子向后斜戴着，头发也乱成一团。 1 She seemed too ignorant of the way of the world.她好像太不懂世道常情了。 2 Bryan was suspicious of the wily Dawrrow.布赖恩怀疑达罗诡计多端。 3 The old man lay all night on his sleepless bed.老人躺在床上，彻夜难眠。

1 Blushing, fidgeting nervously with his tie, blinking timidly, he faced us silently for a minute. 他红着脸，紧张不安地摆弄着领带， 胆怯地眨着眼睛， 面对大家沉默了一会儿。

2 Men ran round the Spurr’s house looking for a way in, but it seemed impossible. 男人绕着斯珀尔家1 Blushing, fidgeting nervously with his tie, blinking timidly, he faced us silently for a minute. 他红着脸，紧张不安地摆弄着领带， 胆怯地眨着眼睛， 面对大家沉默了一会儿。 的房子转了一圈，试图找一条路进去，可似乎不太可能。

1 Without plants, life could not go on.没有植物，生命就无法延续。

2 She spoke English well with an American accent, not, though, a very exaggerated. 她英语说得很棒，带着美国腔，却并不十分夸张。

3 Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫困。 1 The APEC meeting in Shanghai was a great success.在上海召开的亚太经合组织会议非常成功。

2 The fresh air after the rain gave one a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.雨后空气清新，使人感到格外凉爽、舒畅。

3 That guy was considered hypocritical.那个家伙被认为是个伪君子。 4 Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.服从命令是军人的天职。 六）副词与形容词的互相转换

1 He spent an anxious day in the lockup.他在拘留所里焦急地熬过了一天。

2 He talked to the foreigner in hesitant English.他结结巴巴地用英语同那个外国人交谈。

3.Traditionally, there have been very good relations between the two countries.两国之间有着传统的友好关系。 4 We have made a careful study of the soil properties in that region.我们仔细地研究了那个地区的土壤特性。 1 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 2 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

3 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 4 A force is needed to move an object against inertia.

5 The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 6 Both of the substances are soluble in water. 7 As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.

8 When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’t go through. 9 Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 10 The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity. 11 They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 12 In the fission process the fission fragments are very radioactive. 13 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 14 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 15 Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.

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16 It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic.

17 Below 4℃, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. 18 A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.

19 I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 20 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 1 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往 2 火箭已被用来探索宇宙

3 党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。 4 为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。

5 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。 6 两种物质都能溶于水

7 他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋。

8 当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过 9 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。

10 设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。 11 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

12 在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性 13 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪 14 学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。 15 地震与地层断裂有密切的关系。

16 人们已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。

17 水在4摄氏度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。 18 直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去 19 我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。

20 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。

第七章 被动语态的翻译

英语和汉语都有被动句，但英语被动句使用频率远远高于汉语，而且二者在用法上也有较大区别：英语被动句由于可以避免指出动作的执行者，因而常常用来表示比较客观的态度，论述客观的事实，因而多用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍及景物描写等；汉语被动句主要用来表示已经发生的不愉快的事实。由于存在这种差异，英译汉时英语的被动句并不都能译成汉语的被动句。主要有以下几种译法： 一）被动语态变主动语态

1.原来的主语保持不变

1）The whole country was armed in a few days.几天之内全国武装起来了。

2）The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his younth has never been totally eradicated. 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除。

3）After several rounds of talk,an agreement was finally arrived at.经过几轮谈判之后，协议终于达成了。 2.原宾语变为主语

1)By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。 2）A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 3）Communications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world. 全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。 3.译成汉语―是......的‖结构

1) The picture was painted by Tom.这幅画是汤姆画的。

2）The house was built of wood in 1985.这座房子是1985年用木头修建的。

3) The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic millimeters. 体积不是以平方毫米计量的，而是以立方毫米计量的。

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