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A.1 Java and the Internet
The idea here is simple: users will download Java bytecodes from the Internet and run them on their own machines. Java programs that work on web pages are called applets. To use an applet, you need a Java-enabled web browser, which will execute the bytecodes for you. Because Sun is licensing the Java source code and insisting that there be no changes in the language and basic library structure, a Java applet should run on any browser that is advertised as Java-enabled. Unfortunately, reality has been different. Various versions of Netscape and Internet Explorer run different versions of Java, some of which are seriously outdated. This sorry situation made it increasingly difficult to develop applets that take advantage of the most current Java version. To remedy this problem, Sun has developed the Java Plug-in, a tool that makes the newest Java runtime environment available to both Netscape and Internet Explorer
When the user downloads an applet, it works much like embedding an image in a web page. The applet becomes a part of the page, and the text flows around the space used for the applet. The point is, the image is alive. It reacts to user commands, changes its appearance, and sends data between the computer presenting the applet and the computer serving it.
a good example of a dynamic web page¡ªan applet to view molecules¡ªthat carries out sophisticated calculations. By using the mouse, you can rotate and zoom each molecule to better understand its structure. This kind of direct manipulation is not achievable with static web pages, but applets make it possible.
A.2 Common Misconceptions About Java
This is a list of some common misconceptions about Java, along with commentary. (1)Java is an extension of HTML.
Java is a programming language; HTML is a way to describe the structure of a web page. They have nothing in common except that there are HTML extensions for placing Java applets on a web page.
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(2)I use XML, so I don't need Java.
Java is a programming language; XML is a way to describe data. You can process XML data with any programming language, but the Java API contains excellent support for XML processing. In addition, many important third-party XML tools are implemented in Java. See Volume 2 for more information.
(3)Java is an easy programming language to learn.
No programming language as powerful as Java is easy. You always have to distinguish between how easy it is to write toy programs and how hard it is to do serious work. Also, consider that only four chapters in this book discuss the Java language. The remaining chapters of both volumes show how to put the language to work, using the Java libraries. The Java libraries contain thousands of classes and interfaces, and tens of thousands of functions. Luckily, you do not need to know every one of them, but you do need to know surprisingly many to use Java for anything realistic.
(4)Java will become a universal programming language for all platforms.
This is possible, in theory, and it is certainly the case that every vendor but Microsoft seems to want this to happen. However, many applications, already working perfectly well on desktops, would not work well on other devices or inside a browser. Also, these applications have been written to take advantage of the speed of the processor and the native user interface library and have been ported to all the important platforms anyway. Among these kinds of applications are word processors, photo editors, and web browsers. They are typically written in C or C++, and we see no benefit to the end user in rewriting them in Java.
(5)Java is just another programming language.
Java is a nice programming language; most programmers prefer it over C, C++, or C#. But there have been hundreds of nice programming languages that never gained widespread popularity, whereas languages with obvious flaws, such as C++ and Visual Basic, have been wildly successful.
Why? The success of a programming language is determined far more by the utility of the support system surrounding it than by the elegance of its syntax. Are there useful, convenient, and standard libraries for the features that you need to implement? Are there tool vendors that build great programming and debugging environments? Does the language and
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