turn can have ________on everything in our life.
II. Language Focus: Words and expressions
1. Key words: 1) groan: (Para.1)
vi. make a long low sound, e.g. because you are in pain or unhappy (因痛苦或烦恼等)呻吟，发出哼哼声 The old man was groaning with pain.
v. speak about sth. in a way that shows you are unhappy 抱怨
She sat down beside me and groaned about her working day. 她坐在我身旁，抱怨自己整日辛劳。
n. a long low sound that a person makes, esp. when they are in pain or unhappy ( 尤指疼痛或烦恼时的)呻吟，哼哼声
The groan of the injured man came from next door. 隔壁房间传来那个受伤男子的呻吟声。
2) console (Para.1): vt. try to make sb. feel better when they are unhappy or
disappointed 安慰
Do you want to console your friend who is broken-hearted? 你想安慰你那位心碎的朋友吗？
consolation: n. [C,U] sth. That makes you feel less unhappy or disappointed 安慰，慰藉
We tried to offer her consolation, but she kept crying anyway. 我们试图安慰她，但她只是一味地哭泣。 3) dense (Para.2)：a.
a. very heavy in relation to its size (物质)密度大的
The earth is denser than the other planets, and denser than the moon.地球的密度比其他行星都大，比月球的也大。
b. with a lot of trees, plants, or leaves growing close together 茂密的 This part of the country is covered with dense forests. 该国的这部分地区被茂密的丛林所覆盖。
c. dense smoke or gas is so thick that it is difficult to see through it (烟雾或气体)浓密的
The ship was barely visible through the dense fog. 在浓雾里几乎看不
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见那艘船。
4) anniversary：n. (Para. 3) a date when you celebrate sth. that happen in a
previous year that is important to you 纪念日；周年纪念
The visit marks the 10th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries. 这次访问是为了庆贺两国建立外交关系十周年。 5) decidedly: ad. (Para. 4)
a. in a way that is impossible to doubt and easy to see 确实无疑地；显然 The pillar that supports the house looked decidedly shaky and dangerous. 支撑房屋的柱子看起来的确摇摇欲坠，很危险。
b. in a way that shows you are very certain about sth. 坚决地；果断地 “I don’t think we should listen to him,” said Stevenson decidedly. “我认为我们不该听他的话，”史蒂文森坚决地说道。 6) corporate：a (Para. 4)
a. (only before noun) relating to large companies, or to a particular large company 大公司的
When I say corporate plan, I don’t mean you have to live with it rigidly. 我说公司计划，并不是让你们一定要死板地去执行。
b. (fml.) shared by or including all the members of a group 全体的，集体的
In the face of economic crisis, we should take up corporate responsibility. 面对经济危机，我们应该共同承担责任。
7) exotic: a. (para. 6)
a. used for describing things that are interesting or exciting because they are in or from distant foreign countries 外国产的，外国来的
The city has many restaurants with exotic foods. 这个城市有很多异国风味的餐厅。
b. interesting or exciting because of being unusual or not familiar 奇异的，别致的
Many girls like to wear exotic clothes. 许多女孩喜欢穿奇装异服。
2. Practical phrases:
1) on sale: (para.4) available to be bought at a lower price than usual 廉价出售
的
By reading the advertisement, you may find something you want on sale.
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通过阅读这份广告，你也许会发现想要的某件商品正在减价。 2) be open to sth.: (para.7) be willing to consider many different possibilities
I’m sure they will be open to any comments and suggestions from everyone. 我肯定他们会愿意倾听大家任何意见和建议。 3) more often than not: (para.9) usually 往往，多半
More often than not, people are too easily affected by the outside world. 人们觉得不幸福多半是因为他们太容易受外界影响了。
3. Useful sentence patterns:
1）I run in when we arrive, stagger through security and finally get to my gate.
(Para. 1)
Meaning: I run in after we arrive, walk unsteadily through security and get to the place where I should get on the plane.
Note: The word gate here means \a plane\
2）We travel because we want to, because the annoyances of the airport are
offset by the thrill of being someplace new. (Para. 4)
Sb. do sth. because sb.like/dislike to, because…. 用于表达“某人喜欢/不喜
欢做某事的种种原因或理由”。
我网购是因为我喜欢网购，因为网购可以免去我的腿脚之苦从而节省精力。 I shop online because I like to, because online shopping can save my feet and energy.
3）According to research, the experience of an exotic culture endows us with a valuable open-mindedness, making it easier to realize that even a trivial thing can have multiple meanings. (Para. 6)
According to research, sth. / sb. do …, making it easier to do … 用于引证，表达“研究发现/结果表明”。
According to a recent survey, the number of car doubled over the past five years, leading to the climbing traffic accidents
根据最近的调查，汽车拥有量已经在过去的五年时间里翻了一倍，致使交通事故不断攀升。
Step Three Writing devices 25 minutes Develop a cause-and-effect essay
The purpose of cause-and-effect essays is to explain to the reader:
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(1) the causes of an event or situation; (2) the effects of an event or situation; or (3) both causes and effects.
An essay of causes begins with an introduction which briefly describes the effect, and then the entire body of the essay analyzes the causes. 1. Do not oversimplify causes.
2. Beware especially of making a mistake in logic known as the fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc –Latin words meaning “after this, therefore because of this”. For instance, if a disease broke out soon after X became Minister of Public Health, we would probably make a mistake in logic in saying that the epidemic broke out because X was made minister. Remember sequence
3. Distinguish between direct and indirect causes and between major and minor causes.
4. Do not omit links in a chain of causes.
5. Be objective and support the analysis with solid, factual evidence. Language tips
Try to avoid using because and as a result repeatedly in a cause-and-effect essay. Here are some other transitional words and phrases:
since, consequently, therefore, accordingly, because of, for that reason, thus, then, hence, due to, so …that, such … that, the more ... the more, result from, lead to, contribute to, cause, result in, be the reason for, be the consequence of. Writing practice Topic:
Why learn the Chinese language? Introduction:
Thesis statement: In recent years more and more foreigners are beginning to take an interest in the Chinese language. Body:
Cause1: China’s ancient culture has attracted many people in the world.
Cause2: China is enjoying rapid economic growth, and its economic and cultural exchange with other countries has increased continuously.
Cause3: The Chinese language itself has charm in its characters and pronunciation. Conclusion:
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