第三章 数词和冠词
一、数词
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词又分基数词和序数词,基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。 1. 最基本的基数词如下表所示: 1~10 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11~19 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20~100 20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred *基数词的写法 :21~99的两位数,十位与个位之间用连字符“-”。 例:21 twenty - one 32 thirty - two 99 ninety – nine
百位数:个位数基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and。
例:101 a hundred and one. 320 three hundred and twenty 648six hundred and forty-eight 2.序数词的构成
1)一般来说,是由相应的基数词加词尾th构成。例, four+ th--- fourth six + th --- sixth seven + th --- seventh ten + th --- tenth 2)下面这些基数词在变为序数词时,有特殊的变化。例,
one --- first two --- second three --- third five--- fifth eight --- eighth nine --- ninth twelve --- twelfth
3)十位整数序数词的构成方法是将基数词的词y 变成i,然后在加eth.例, twenty --- twentieth thirty --- thirtieth
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forty --- fortieth ninety --- ninetieth
4) 两位或两位以上的基数词变为序数词时,仅将个位数变成序数词。例, twenty –one ------ twenty- first thirty-five ------thirty-fifth
a hundred and fifty-three ------- a hundred and fifty- third *基数词变序数词的口诀:
基变序,有规律;词尾加上th(fourth, sixth)
一、二、三,单独记;结尾字母t, d, d;(first,second,third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth);ve要用f替;(fifth,twelfth) 整十基数变序数,ty将y变成i ; th 前面有个e; 要是遇到几十几,前用基来后用序。 二、冠词
冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。 a或an是不定冠词,the是定冠词。a用在辅音音素之前,如 a desk, a tree ; an 用在元音因素之前,如 an apple, an hour, an English book. 1. 不定冠词(a,an)指人或事物的某一种类,表示“一个”,但不强调数量。 She is a teacher. That’s an orange.
2. 定冠词 the,是特指某(些)人、某(些)物,或指说话人与听话人彼此知道的人或物,或者是在上文提到过的人和事。
This is a bus. The bus is big. 3. 不用冠词的情况: 1)
专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词前一般不用冠词。如,
Chinese, English, Jim等。 2)
名词前已经有this, that, my, your等词时,就不再用冠词了。如,
that mouse (那只老鼠)
3) 一些固定词组前不用定冠词。如,
at home 在家 go to school 去上学 *定冠词the的用法记忆口诀:
特指、重提和唯一,岛屿、海峡和海湾;
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海洋、党派、最高级,沙漠、河流与群山; 方位、顺序和乐器,年代、团体与机关; 船名、建筑和组织,会议、条约与报刊; 姓氏复数、国全名,记住定冠the加在前。 *零冠词用法口诀:
月份、星期、节假洲,呼语、头衔职务前; 三餐、球类、惯用语,学科、棋类名词前。
第四章 一般现在时态
一、一般现在时的定义
一般现在时是表示现在经常反复发生的动作,存在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态。 二、一般现在时的结构
一般现在时用行为动词的原形,但第三人称单数作主语时,动词的词尾要加-s 或- es。现在以连系动词be 和行为动词read为例,对一般现在时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及其简略答语的构成以表格形式加以说明: 动词 be 肯定句 I am … You/We/They are … He/She/It is ... read I/We/You/They read… He/She/It reads … 动词 be 疑问句 Am I …? Are you …? Are we …? Are they …? Is he…? Is she …? Is it …?
否定句 I am not … You/We/They are not … He/She/It is not … I/We/You/They/ do not read … He/She/It does not read … 简略答语(肯定) Yes , you are. Yes, I am/we are. Yes, we/you are. Yes, they are. Yes, he is. Yes, she is. Yes, it is. 7
简略答语(否定) No, you are not. No, I am/we are not. No, we/ you are not. No, they are not. No, he is not. No, she is not. No, it is not.
read Do I / we / they Yes, you / we / they No, you / we / they do read …? do. not. Does he / she / it Yes, he / she / it No, he / she / it does read … ? does. not. 连系动词be 的各种形式常与代词或not缩写成一个词。助动词do,does 一般只有与not 缩写。连系动
词be缩写形式如下 肯定 I am You are He is She is It is We are They are 缩写 I’m You’re He’s She’s It’s We’re They’re 否定 I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not They are not 缩写 I’m not You’re not /You aren’t He’s not /He isn’t She’s not /She isn’t It’s not / It isn’t We’re not / We aren’t They’re not / They aren’t 动词do not 的缩写形式为don’t,does not 的缩写形式为doesn’t。 二、 动词加-s 或-es (动词第三人称单数) 当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词需加-s 或-es 1.
一般在词尾加 –s
例:work—works leave --- leaves swim --- swims 2.
以字母s,x,ch,sh 或o结尾的词加-es
例:pass--- passes fix ---fixes teach --- teaches do--- does 3.
以辅音字母加y结尾的词,先变y为i再加-es
例:study --- studies carry --- carries fly --- flies cry --- cries 三、 一般现在时的用法 1.
day(每天), on Sundays/Mondays 等表示频度的时间状语连用。
一般现在时的时间状语有:today, often, sometimes, always, usually, every day ( week, month, year,…) , this year, once a week ( month, year,…) 一周(月,年)一次 例句:I get up at 6 o’clock every day.
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表示经常或习惯性的动作。常与often(经常), always(总是), sometimes(有时), every