Unit1
1.The essentially the ‘giantness’of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene. 实质上，正是由于聚乙烯的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物（的性能）。
2.The globules of polyvinyl alcohol firstly absorb water,swell and get distorbed in shape and after a long time go into solution
.聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生变形，经过很长的时间以后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。
3.Another peculiarity is that ,in water,polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature as the excess sodium chloride does in a saturated salt solution. 另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。 UNIT2
1.The initiation of the chain reaction can be observed most clearly with radical or ionic initiators.用自由基型引发剂或离子型引发剂引发连锁反应可以很清楚的进行观察。
2.Such reactions occur through the initial addition of a monomer molecule to an initiator radical or an initiator ion,by which the active state is transferred from the added monomer. 这样的反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。 UNIT3
1. The net effect of this is that monomer molecules are consumed rapidly without any large increase in molecular weight.
酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量却没有多少增加。
2. The esterification reaction occurs anywhere in the monomer matrix where two monomer molecules collide, and once the ester has formed, it, too, can react further by virtue of its still-reactive hydroxyl or carboxyl groups.
酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活
性的羟基或羧基还可以进一步进行反应。
3. But each polymer molecule that forms still has reactive end groups; hence the polymerization reaction will continue in a stepwise fashion, with each esterification of monomers. 但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基；因此，聚合反应将以逐步的方式继续进行，其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理均与初始单体的酯化作用相同。
Unit4
1. With ionic polymerization there is no compulsory chain termination through
recombination ,because the growing chain can not react with each other. 对于离子型聚合来说，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止，因而生长链之间不能发生链终止反应。
2.chain termination takes place only through impurities ,or through the addition of certain compounds such as water, alcohols,acids, amines, or oxygen,and in general through compounds which can react with polymerizing ions under the formation of neutral compound or inactive ionic species.
链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过某些像水，醇，酸，胺或者氧这样的化合物进
行加成反应而发生，且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物在中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物生成的过程中可以和活性聚合物例子进行反应。 3.if the initiators are only partly dissociated ,the initiator reactions is an equilibrium reaction ,where reaction in one direction gives rise to chain initiation and in the other direction to chain termination.
如果引发剂仅为部分的解离，引发反应即为一个平衡反应，再出现平衡反映的场合，在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向则进行链终止反应。 4.To this group belong the also the so called Alfin catalysts,which are a mixture of sodium isopropylate,allylsodium,and sodium chloride.
所谓的Aflin催化剂就是属于这一类，这类催化剂是异丙醇钠，烯丙基那，和氯化钠的混合物。 六
5.Thus strength of polymer does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about 5000—10000 is achieved.
因此，直到最小相对分子质量增大到大约5000-10000以后聚合物的强度才开始显现出来。 6.In most instances,there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be optimum for a particular application .
在大多数情况下，对于某特定的应用来说，这种聚合物存在着某一分子量范围，在这个范围之内其性能是最好的。
7.When one speaks of the molecular weight of a polymer ,one means something quite different from that which applies to small-sized compounds
当人们谈到聚合物分子量的时候，她所指的是和低分子化合物的分子量完全不同的另一回事。
8.Different average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured are biased differently sized polymer molecules in a polymer sample.
对同一聚合物得到不同的平均分子量，因为对所测得的性质对试样中的不同尺寸的聚合物分子有不同的偏差。 七
9.This may be all that happens if ,for example, the polymer-polymer intermolecular forces are high because of crosslinking ,crystallinity ,or strong hydrogen bonding .
例如，如果因交联，结晶和很强的氢键形成和娘的分子间作用力，（聚合物的溶解过程）有可能就停留在这一阶段。
10.In turn ,the presence o absence of solubility as conditions (such as the nature of the solvent ,or the temperature)are varied can give much information about the polymer.
当条件（溶剂的本质或温度）变化的时候，有无溶解性又可以许多关于这种聚合物的信息。 11.As specified in the literature ,the arrangement of the polymer chain differing b reason of rotation about single bonds are termed conformations. 正如在文献中所定义的那样，由于围绕着单键的旋转而导致的聚合物链不同的空间排布叫做构象。
12.The random coil arises from the relative freedom of rotation associated with the chain bonds of most polymer and the formidably large number of conformations accessible to the molecule. 无规线团一方面是由于聚合物链上的键自由旋转而产生的，另一方面时候由于聚合物分子连可达到巨大的构象数而产生的。
Unit8
1 X-ray and electron diffraction patterns often show the sharp features typical of three-dimensionally ordered, crystalline materials as well as the diffuse features characteristic of liquids.
X 射线图像和电子衍射图样常常会显示出三维有序晶体材料的图样所具有的边缘清晰的特征，也会显示出液体的图像所具有的边缘模糊的特征。
2 Polymer molecules are considered to pass through several different crystalline regions with crystallites being formed when segments from different polymer chains are precisely aligned together and undergo crystallization.
当来自不同聚合物链的链段精确的排列在一起结晶时，认为伴随着微晶的生成，聚合物分子会通过几个不同的晶区。
3 Semi-crystalline polymers are considered by advocates of the folded-chain theory to be chain-folded crystals with varying amount of defects.
摺叠链理论的支持者们认为半晶聚合物为具有不同数量缺陷的折叠链晶体。
4 Polymers with medium to low crystallinity can often be advantageously treated by the fringed-micelle concept as two-phase systems composed of crystallinites inbedded in uncrystallized, amorphous polymer.
具有从中等到较低结晶度的聚合物常常适合用于樱状微束理论作为两相体系来处理，这些体系是由微晶包埋在非晶的无定型聚合物中而构成的。 Unit 9
1 As is found in all phases of polymer chemistry, there are many exceptions to this categorization. 正如在高分子化学各个部分都可以看到的那样，对这种分类方法有很多例外情况。
2 when the molecular chains are ‘straightened out’ or stretched by a process of extension, they do not have sufficient attraction for each other to maintain the oriented state and will retrace once the force is released.
当通过一个拉伸过程将分子链拉直的时候分子链彼此之间没有足够的相互吸引来保持其定向状态，作用力一旦解除，将发生收缩。
3 Therefore, a potential fiber polymer will not become a fiber unless subjected to a drawing process, i.e. , a process resulting in a high degree of intermolecular orientation.
因此，可以制成纤维的聚合物将不成为纤维，除非经过一个抽丝拉伸过程，即一个可以形成分子间高度取向的过程。
4 It must be borne in mind that, with the advent of Ziegler-Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinity, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular and crystalline structure.
必须牢记，随着Z-N 机理的出现，以及随着提高结晶度和提高链的堆砌密度的新方法的出现，对许多过去已得到的关于空间结构和晶体结构旧的资料，应当批判地接受。 Unit 10
1 Depending on the temperature, the molecules of low molecular weight substance either move apart as a whole or do not move at all, i.e. , there is a definite temperature(melting point Tm) below which the molecules do not move and above which they do move.
根据温度，低分子量的物质要么整个分子移开，要么根本不运动，有一个特定温度（熔点Tm）在低于这一温度时分子不运动，而在高于这一温度时分子则在运动。
2 The local segments, where mobility is already activated, correspond to the liquid state, while
the molecule as a whole, where mobility is forbidden, is in solid state.
在一条分子链上某些流动性已经被激活额局部链段相应这流体状态，而没有被完全激活的整个分子则处于固体状态。
3 Under the influence of an applied stress, it exhibits properties of a viscous fluid as well as an elastic solid and undergoes what is called viscoelastic deformation.
在外加应力的作用下，聚合材料既显示出黏性液体的性质，也显示出弹性固体的性质，并发生所谓的黏弹形变。
4 The Tg value along with the Tm value gives an indication of the temperature region at which a polymeric material transforms from a rigid solid to a soft viscous state.
Tg 值和Tm 值表明了一个温度范围，在这个范围内聚合材料会由刚性转变成为柔性的黏流态。 Unit 11
1 Their usefulness is related both to the functional groups and to the nature of the polymers whose characteristic properties depend mainly on the extraordinarily large size of the molecules. 他们（功能聚合物）之所以具有使用价值不仅与所带的官能团有关，而且与由巨大的分子尺寸所决定的聚合物的特性有关。
2 The attachment of functional groups to a polymer is frequently the first step towards the preparation of a functional polymer for a specific use.
把官能团连接到聚合物上常常是制备某种特殊用途的聚合物的重要的一步。
3 A required active functional group can be introduced onto a polymeric support chain (1) by incorporation during the synthesis of the support itself through polymerization or copolymerization of monomers containing the desired functional groups, (2) by chemical modification of a non-functionalized performed support matrix and by a combination of (1) and (2).
（1）在合成主链聚合物时通过带有所需官能团的单体的均聚或共聚，使聚合物带上官能团；（2）将先制成的未功能化的主链聚合物进行化学改性；（3）将（1）和（2）两种方法结合起来。
4 Interest in the filed is being enhanced due to the possibility of creating systems that combine the unique properties of conventional active moieties and those of high molecular weight polymers.
由于能够制造出兼有活性官能团特性和高分子量的聚合物性能的功能聚合物，所以人们对（功能聚合物）这个领域的兴趣与日俱增。