一般将来时：will be done 过去将来时：would be done 现在进行时：is being done 过去进行时：was being done 现在完成时：have been done 过去完成时：had been done 例如：

You are offered a new job abroad. Many lives were lost in the earthquake.

If you smoke in this non-smoking area, you will be fined $ 50. The news is being reported on TV. He was being followed at that time.

Measures have been taken to deal with the problem. The work had been finished before he arrived.

4、非谓语动词

在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。

1）动词不定式 常见形式:

时态形式 一般式 完成式 进行式 主动形式 to do to have done to be doing 被动形式 to be done to have been done — 不定式的否定式：由not或never加不定式构成的。 不定式的疑问式：由疑问词加不定式构成的。 基本用法：

It is necessary to master a foreign language. (作主语) I can’t afford to buy a house. (作宾语) His wish is to become a doctor. (作表语) He is looking for a place to live in. (作定语)

Tom went to town to do shopping yesterday. (作状语)

※感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 和使役动词make, let, have等后的不定式作宾补时，不带to。

I hear him sing. (作宾补)

His mother made him go to bed early. (作宾补)

※常见的带动词不定式作宾语的动词: want, manage, prefer, pretend, decide等等 2）分词：现在分词和过去分词

现在分词由动词原形+ ing 构成，过去分词由动词原形+ -ed构成。以write为例，现在分词的各种形式如下：

时态形式 主动 被动 一般式 完成式 writing having written having written having been written 否定式：否定词not加在现在分词的前面 过去分词只有一种，即written 基本用法：

The film was very boring. (现在分词作表语) He is a promising young man. (现在分词作定语)

They came out of the classroom laughing and chatting. (现在分词作状语) The bottle was broken. (过去分词作表语)

We need more qualified teacher. (过去分词作定语)

Faced with such a tough task, we must work harder. (过去分词作状语) ※现在分词与过去分词的区别：

a. 现在分词表主动意义，及物动词的过去分词表被动意义。如：the moving film 动人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的女孩

b. 现在分词正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表示已经完成的动作。如：a developing country 发展中国家，a developed country 发达国家

※现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句中的主语为同一人或同一事。 例如：

Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city. (正确)

(Standing = When we stood, 现在分词standing的逻辑主语和主句的主语都是we，都是同一个)

Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen. (错误)

(该句中现在分词的逻辑主语是人，而主句的主语是事物the whole city，不是同一个) 3）动名词

构成形式与现在分词相同。

※动名词的考点集中在作宾语的情况，动词是否可以充当动词的宾语，完全取决于动词的用法。常见的可以接动名词做宾语的动词有suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, admit, enjoy, require, postpone, put off, delay, deny, fancy, escape, practice等等。

例如：

He avoided giving us a definite answer.

The thief admitted entering the house. ※一些常见的带V-ing的结构： have trouble doing something have difficulty doing something It is no use doing something It is no good doing something

There’s no point (in) doing something It’s waste of time/ money doing something

※有些动词接不定式或动名词，含义上有很大的差异, 主要有：forget, remember, regret, mean, try, want, need, require, go on。

①forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 ②remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth. 记住做过某事

③regret to do sth.遗憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事

④stop to do sth.停下（一件事）去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 ⑤mean to do sth. 打算做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着/ 意思是…… ⑥try to do sth. 努力/ 企图做某事 try doing sth.尝试做某事

⑦want/ need/ require to do sth. 要/想做某事 want/ need/ require doing sth. 需要被…… ⑧go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事 go on doing sth 继续做相同的事 例题：

1. The hotel, (build) 100 years ago, still looks new. 【正确答案】built

【参考译文】这个宾馆虽然建于100年前，仍然看起来很新。

分析：本题考查分词作状语。本题中分词短语在句中作让步状语，分词与其逻辑主语之间构成被动关系，因此动词原形build应变化成其过去分词形式built表示被动关系。

2. I want (point out) that a decision about the matter must be made at once. 【正确答案】to point out

【参考译文】我想指出的是，关于这个问题必须立刻做出决定。 分析：本题考查动词不定式。根据本题的句意，want是表示“想要做某事”want to do sth.，want后面要接动词的不定式。

3. Thank you for your letter of November 15, (invite) us to the trade fair on December 10. 【正确答案】inviting

【参考译文】谢谢你11月15日的来信，邀请我们参加12月10的交易会。

分析：本题考查分词作状语。本题中的分词是作伴随状语，进一步对信件内容进行解释说明，表示主动意义，因此，动词原形invite变化成相应地现在分词inviting。

4. My father is a sports fan and he enjoys (swim) very much. 【正确答案】swimming

【参考译文】我的父亲是个体育迷，他很喜欢游泳。

分析：本题考查动名词作宾语的用法。在英语中有些动词如enjoy等后面只能接动名词作宾语。

5、虚拟语气

虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气主要体现在谓语动词的特殊形式上。

基本用法：

1） 虚拟语气在if非真实条件句中的用法 与现在事实相反 If条件从句 过去时（be用were） 主句 would/ should/ could/might +动词原形 与过去事实相反 与将来事实相反 had + 过去分词 过去时或were to +动词原形或should + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/might + have 过去分词 would/ should/ could/might + 动词原形 例如： If I (know) that your business was growing so rapidly, I wouldn’t have been worried about it. 【正确答案】had known

【参考译文】如果我早知道你的公司发展的这么快，我就不用为你担心。

分析：本题考查if条件句中的虚拟语气。主句中谓语动词形式是would have done，对应的if条件句中应用had done 的形式，因此动词原形变化成had known。

※省去if的虚拟条件句

把动词或助动词were，had，should置于主语之前构成倒装句，省略了连词if，这种结构常在书面语中使用。

例如：

WereI (=if I were )rich, I would buy anything you want.

Had you worked (=If you had worked ) hard at school, you would have get a better job. Should he fail (= If he should fail) to come, John would work in his place.

2）虚拟语气在动词wish后宾语从句中的用法: 表示未实现或不可能实现的愿望 表示与目前事实相反的愿望：从句中的谓语动词用过去式（V-ed）

表示与过去事实相反的愿望：从句中的谓语动词用过去完成式（had done）

表示将来不大可能实现的愿望：从句中的谓语动词用过去将来式（would/ should/ could/might + 动词原形）

例如：

I wish I (not make) that mistake. 【正确答案】had not made

【参考译文】我多么希望当时没有犯那个错误。

分析：本题考查wish后面宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法。本题中所表示的愿望是与过去事实相反，因此not make 变成had not made形式。

※if only引导的从句表示一种不可能实现的愿望，意思是“如果……就好了”，虚拟语气的用法与wish引导的宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法类似。

3）虚拟语气在would rather后的从句中的用法 谓语动词的过去式（V-ed）：表示对现在或将来的愿望 谓语动词的过去完成式（had done）：表示与过去事实相反的愿望 例如：

I would rather you (go) with me tomorrow morning. 【正确答案】went

【参考译文】我宁愿你明天早晨跟我一起去。

分析：本题考查的是would rather后从句的用法。本题would rather后从句表示的是对将来的一种愿望，谓语动词形式应用go的过去式，即went。

※as if / though 引导的方式状语从句，如表示与实际情况相反，其从句中虚拟语气的用法与would rather 后从句中虚拟语气的用法类似。

4）It is (high, about ) time that 从句中须使用虚拟语气，表示婉转的提议或建议。谓语动词的形式是过去式，表示“该……的时候了”