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高考英语任务型阅读解题技巧及强化练习
海园教育余老师
纵观江苏高考近五年任务型阅读文章的体裁以说明文为主，偶有议论文出
现，词数在400～500之间，一般都比较难。这类文章结构清晰，很容易把握文章脉络。在题材的选取上更加富有时代气息，更加贴近考生的实际生活。2017年江苏高考任务型阅读“难度依旧”，是全卷中难度最大的题。
可以预判，2018江苏高考会继续延续过去高考的指数，要想任务型阅读
得高分，考生必须具备极强的信息转换和概括能力！
[江苏高考任务型阅读近五年考情统计]
年份 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
在复习中，要注意以下几点：
1．注意对词义和词性转化的积累，提高对固定搭配的敏感度。
2．重视对句子、段落与文章之间的逻辑关系的剖析，多进行概括总结题的训练。
3．熟读课文和历年高考真题中的任务型阅读、完形填空和阅读理解经典篇目，培养对原汁原味文章深入理解的语感。
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标题 Population Change An Extension of the Human Brain What News Stories Do You Read？ What Is Peer Pressure Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious 词数 488 430 411 407 414 阅读文体 说明文 说明文 说明文 议论文 说明文
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[感悟真题]
(2017·江苏高考)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个．．单词。
Population Change
Why is the world's population growing? The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world's population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world's people now live in such nations), but you'd be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply? First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%. Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring? Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends don't bend, Russia's population will be about the size of Yemen's by the year 2050.
In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of India's working-age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country's potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010－2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it's likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.
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[把握考情]
任务型阅读题在测试考生阅读理解能力的基础上，对阅读信息进行二次加工，归纳要点，筛选、整合和综合概括零散信息，以表格的形式侧重考查考生的单词拼写、词性转换、句式转换、段落归纳等综合能力。特别要求考生掌握文章大意和分析文章结构、提纲和框架。该题型有如下特点：
1．题型结构
任务型阅读由两部分组成：阅读材料和表格。它要求考生通过阅读所给材料，填写完成表格中空缺的信息。阅读材料为一篇词数在400～500之间的文章，在文章后设10道小题，每小题只填一词，所有题目都呈现在表格中。
2．题目类型
任务型阅读设题灵活，主要考查以下三种题型。
(1)直接信息题。这类题目考查考生基础，考生可以一边阅读一边从文章中直接找出答案。
(2)信息转换题。这类题目主要考查考生的语法与词汇知识，如同义词转换、实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)之间词性与词形转换等。
(3)信息概括题。
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①总结性词汇类题目主要考查考生的信息筛选能力和语言概括能力。
②归纳词类考题信息隐藏在某个语句、段落甚至整篇文章中，要求考生有较强的归纳概括能力，同时要有很好的词汇功底。
任务型阅读的读文方式有多种，下面介绍一种既能提高解题速度又能提高读文针对性的技巧，供大家在今后的解题中尝试运用。
第一步：扫读表格——把握表格结构，理清层次关系
扫读表格，分析表格的设计结构，理清其显示的层次关系，初步了解文章的发展脉络及大体内容，同时，根据语法知识初步判断空缺位置所需词语的词性变化及形式要求。建议先看表格，这样我们就可以根据表格的内容了解文章的大意和行文结构。
1．表格的一般结构
(1)全文的标题：全文的标题一般放在第一行，理解文章的标题有助于把握全文的主旨大意，阅读时要多加关注。
(2)各段的大意：表格的左栏一般为文章各段的大意，利用表格与文章顺序的一致性有助于锁定解题的信息区间。
(3)对各段内容的详细阐述：表格的右栏一般是对左栏各段大意的进一步阐述，其中的表述一般为文章各段内容的转换和概括。
2．阅读表格的关注点
(1)要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了表格标题有助于理解短文及表格的大意、了解表格结构和题目的设置。
(2)另外，要关注各段的大意，理解文章的结构和层次关系，把握文章的脉络和行文线索。 第二步：略读文章——速读全文，把握大意，理清文章结构
理清表格结构之后，结合表格框架结构速读全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即topic sentence和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目一般就是根据文章的结构而设计的。只有读懂了文章，才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。
一、任务型阅读三大题型解题技巧 1．直接信息题
这类题目要求考生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：
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[典例] (2016·江苏高考)Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I've called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it's clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It's already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
●The (71) ________ can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.
分析：第一步：根据题干中的“can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies”可以确定命题区间为第一段。
第二步：根据第一段的内容，特别是“Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it's clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.”可以确定“互联网正在扩大我自己的社会修复系统的范围”，就像假肢能弥补身体的缺陷一样。
第三步：确定答案为Internet。 2．信息转换题
这类题型无法从原文中找到原词或完全一样的原句，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关，也有些与短语搭配和固定句型有关。
信息转换题也和直接信息题一样，首先要找到文中与表格中相对应的信息。解题时可采用以下三个步骤：
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[典例] (2016·江苏高考)Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use — I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I'm writing; I'm no longer comfortable writing if I'm not connected to the Internet. It's become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
●On the Internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without (73) ________ them in mind.
分析：第一步：题干中的“we could quickly and easily locate the details”与文章第二段中“I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so”意思相近，因此可以定位到这一段。
第二步：根据第二段中的第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use”可以确定关键信息词是keep。
第三步：因为题干上要填写的单词前面是介词without，所以确定答案填keep的动名词形式，即：keeping。 附：信息转换常用词句
1．belong to the club ＝ a member/one of the members of the club 2．object to ＝ be opposed to ＝ oppose
3．don't respond to ...＝ make no response to ... ＝ say nothing in response to ... 4．accompany sb.＝ keep sb. company 5．accuse ... of ...＝ charge ... with ...
6．can't help/choose but do ...＝ have no alternative/choice but to do ... 7．apply to ...＝ make an application to ... 8．an approach to doing ＝ a way to do/of doing
9．approve of ＝ subscribe to ＝ be in favor of ＝ support
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10．be beneficial to ＝ be of benefit to ＝ benefit 11．be bored with ＝ be tired of ＝ be fed up with 12．do sth. with caution ＝ do sth. cautiously
13．It's likely that ... ＝ The chance is that .../Chances are that ... ＝ There is a chance (are chances) that ... 14．compared to/with ... ＝ in comparison with ...
15．congratulate sb. on sth.＝ show/express congratulations to sb. on sth. 16．as a result ＝ in consequence
17．consist of ＝ be made up of ＝ be composed of
18．agree with ＝ correspond with/to ＝ be consistent with 19．face sth.＝ be faced with sth.
20．be merciful to ＝ have mercy on ＝ show mercy to 21．a little ＝ slightly
22．thank sb.＝ be grateful to sb. 23．draw near ＝ be around the corner 24．occur to sb.＝ strike sb. 25．delay ＝ put off ＝ postpone
26．deliberately ＝ on purpose ＝ by design 27．look like sb.＝ resemble sb. 28．make a summary of ...＝summarize ... 29．be superior to ＝ be better than 30．tend to do ... ＝ have a tendency to do ... 3．信息概括题
这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。
??①寻找文章或段落的主旨句
解题关键?
?②根据问题查找定位信息，找共性的东西?
(2)归纳词。有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。
①概括性?在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息???
解题关键?②针对性?量体裁衣，大小适度?
??③醒目性?简洁?
[注意] 信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。
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[典例1] (2017·江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world's population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world's people now live in such nations), but you'd be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________ of population. 分析：第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。
第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。
第三步：确定答案为size/scale。
[典例2] (2017·江苏高考)In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of India's working-age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country's potential work force could be totally uneducated.
Leaving aside the birth rate issue, India's economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________ of educational opportunity.
分析：第一步：根据题干中的“India's economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。
第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。
第三步：确定答案为equality。 附：信息概括常用词
1．原因与结果：reason (for), result; cause (of), consequence 2．异同点与优缺点：difference, similarity; advantage, disadvantage 3．功能：function
4．观点与态度：opinion, view (on/about), viewpoint, idea; attitude (to/towards) 5．评论与评价：comment (on), remark (on/upon), assessment
6．方式与方法：means, way, method (of); solution, approach (to doing sth.); (take) measures (to do sth.) 7．目的：purpose, aim, goal 8．积极与消极：positive, negative
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9．建议：advice, suggestion, tip 10．概括与总结：summary, conclusion 11．特点：feature, characteristic 12．种类：kind, type, category, class 13．精神上与身体上：mentally, physically 14．影响：influence, impact, effect (on) 15．情形，状况：situation, condition 16．方面与项目条款：aspect, item 17．材料：materials
18．知识与消息：knowledge, information 19．日程计划：schedule, agenda 20．百分比：percentage 21．性别：sex 22．年龄：age
23．(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar 24．个人，个人的：individual 25．细节：description, detail 26．文化：culture
27．责任：(take) responsibility 28．贡献：(make) contributions (to) 29．重要：value, importance, significance 30．比较：contrast, comparison 31．时期：period, time 32．存在：existence, exist 33．人口：population
34．天气与气候：weather, climate 35．位置：location 36．主题：theme
37．背景：setting, background 38．情节：plot 39．高潮：climax
40．反对者与支持者：opponent, supporter 二、解题时应注意的几个问题
在解答信息转换题和信息概括题时要注意以下几点： 1．字母大小写。
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2．名词的数和格。 3．动词的形式。
4．形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。 5．动词或名词与介词的习惯搭配。 6．时态、语态、主谓一致、第三人称等。 7．格式一致。表格内容的同一级要用相同的形式。 例如：
In the arrival statement, the Prime Minister said he is looking forward to the meeting with Singapore on ways to deepen East Asia cooperation between two nations so as to_contribute to the building of a peaceful, harmonious relationship.
The significance of the visit
Contribute应改为Contributing，与上栏Deepening形式一致。
Ⅰ.完成下列表格，使左右栏意义一致(限填一词)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 people who lack sleep as summer approaches a country which has a long history find out the reasons for their failure in the test besides be accused of have the same interest as you cause thousands of deaths a team made up of 12 boys succeed in passing the test lead to serious accidents not having enough money people lacking sleep with summer approaching a country with a long history find out why they failed the test in addition to/as well as be charged with share your interest claim thousands of lives a team consisting of 12 boys manage to pass the test result in serious accidents lack of money Deepening East Asia cooperation between two nations Contribute to the establishment of a peaceful, harmonious relationship Ⅱ.同义句转换(限填一词) 1．Kate was born in China. →Kate's birthplace is China.
2．Tom couldn't agree with his boss's decision more. →Tom supported his boss's decision. 3．The lady was not happy.
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→The lady was unhappy.
4．As we all know, if someone wants to pass this exam, he ought to prepare for it well. →Good preparation is key to passing this exam.
5．E-mail has also changed the speed with which we exchanged information. In minutes, you can contact another person.
→E-mail has also enabled us to exchange information at higher speed than traditional communicative methods. 6．In minutes, you can get in touch with another person who shares your love of kites or stamps. →Within a short time, it lets you contact another person who has the same interest with you. 7．It was not a pleasant experience for them. →For them, it was a(n) unpleasant experience. 8．At first, some experts didn't agree with the idea. →Some experts disagreed with the idea in the beginning. 9．It will not be harmful to your relationships with others. →It will be harmless to your relationships with others. 10．In some fields, women still have no equality as in the past. →In some fields, there still exists inequality for women. 11．Such behaviors are considered not appropriate in public. →Such inappropriate behaviors are not allowed in public. 12．In general men are not aware of this problem as women. →Men should raise the awareness of this problem in general.
13．The more one knows about pollution, the more one can do for our environment. →One should have a good knowledge of pollution to contribute to the environment. 14．Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer. →Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger. 15．Remember gym is not your only choice.
→You can try other activities besides going to the gym.
16．It's necessary to make use of every opportunity to practice more. →We need to take advantage of every opportunity to practice more.
17．It is concluded that talking on a cellphone while driving is as dangerous as drunk driving.
→What can be concluded from the study is that the effects of using a cellphone while driving is equal to drunk driving.
18．Older people who suffer health problems still say they are OK. →Older people suffering health problems feel good about themselves.
19．Let your friends know your ideas, and you needn't force them to follow the ideas. →You can let your friends know your ideas without forcing them to follow the ideas.
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20．Some researchers have made a survey in which 200 housewives were involved, finding that they have greater ambitions for career.
→Some researchers have made a survey involving 200 housewives and found that they still want to work. Ⅲ.根据材料或表格提示完成下列表格(限填一词)
1．A great number of doctors say that food programs need to pay more attention to children, especially the babies. It is high time that children's diets should be improved. Diets should include foods rich in vitamin A and other useful vitamins and minerals.
The ways to save children
2．Without proper planning, tourism can cause problems. For example, too many tourists can crowd public places. If tourists create too much traffic, the local people will become annoyed and unhappy. They will begin to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely.
●Developing economy Advantages ●Advancing of local people ●Increasing employment ●Bringing over crowdedness Disadvantages ●Increasing pressure on traffic ●Affecting the local people's attitude
3．With the number of Chinese children who die from unexpected accidents becoming larger and larger, the government is working on a Safe Kids Program to prevent injuries and deaths. As for this, most parents have shown their support.
Purpose/ Intention
4．Title: Change in Today's Children
Main comparisons Different (1)behaviors Contexts Children in the past just did what they were supposed to Children today act as if they were adults Children in the past never Different (2) feelings/emotions experienced depression Sometimes sadness happens to children today 12 ●Diets should be improved. ●Diets should contain foods with rich vitamins and minerals. The program is intended to prevent accidental injuries and deaths.
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Different (3) ways/methods to get knowledge Children in the past: in a gradual and guided process Children nowadays: by watching TV without control 专题限时检测(二十四) 任务型阅读(一)
(限时24分钟)
A
(2017·苏、锡、常、镇高三三模)
When It's Not Quite a Wonderful Life
A 2011 study by researchers might make you think twice about difficult holiday emotions. They followed dozens of bus drivers for two weeks, looking to see when they flashed fake versus sincere smiles at their passengers. The results showed that on days when the drivers tried to put on an act and pretend to be in a good mood, their actual moods got worse. This was especially true for women. And another research suggests that people who really want to be happy actually obtain less happiness from positive experiences, apparently because their expectations are too high. Again and again, trying to gain happiness despite no preference seems to have the opposite result.
The results of the bus driver study can be explained by researchers Oliver John and James Gross, who found that negative feelings like sadness or anger only intensify when we try to suppress (压制) them. That's because we feel bad about ourselves when our outward appearance contradicts how we truly feel inside. What's more, when we suppress emotions like sadness, we deny them the important function they serve. If we don't recognize sadness we might not take the necessary steps to improve the situation. Expressing our sadness can also get comfort and compassion from those who care about us, strengthening our bonds.
Recently, scientists have also been paying special attention to the benefits of mindfulness. When you respond mindfully to an emotional trigger (诱因), you pause rather than react, and then you can escape getting troubled by thoughtfulness. Rather than scold yourself, you simply notice what you're feeling without judging that response as right or wrong. Studies suggest that a mindful response to a negative event reduces the amount of sadness we experience, is associated with less depression and anxiety, and may even carry physiological benefits, such as lowering our heart rates.
Unavoidably, the holidays will bring a mix of highs and lows. Perhaps the most important lesson to keep in mind is that this variety of emotions might be the best thing possible for your overall well-being.
That was the key insight from a study published in 2014 by a team of researchers from Yale University. Their survey of more than 37,000 people found that, after experiencing a greater variety and abundance of emotions consistently linked to lower depression, people took less medication, visited doctors less frequently, spent fewer days in hospitals, practiced better dietary and exercise habits, and smoked less.
In other words, sadness, anger, and other difficult emotions are like so many other parts of the holidays, they're nothing to fear. Just make sure you're balancing them with lighter experiences.
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When It's Not Quite a Wonderful Life Main content Detailed information ●A study on bus drivers shows pretending to be in a good mood leads to a(n) (1) ________result. ●Another research suggests the (2) ________expectations we have, the less happiness we obtain. Research findings about negative feelings ●Two other researchers found suppressing negative feelings only intensifies them, due to the (3)________ between outward appearance and inward feelings. ●If we (4) ________ the function negative feelings serve, we won't recognize them or take measures to improve the situation. ●Expressing negative feelings makes us feel comforted and sympathized with, and thus betters our relationship. ●The (6)________ of mindfulness： 1．When we respond mindfully to an emotional trigger, we pause rather than react. A (5)________ to dealing with negative feelings： a mindful response to them 2．We simply notice what we're feeling without judging that response as right or wrong, instead of (7)________ ourselves. ●The benefits of mindfulness： 1．It (8) ________ us from trouble. 2．It reduces the amount of sadness, depression and anxiety. 3．It brings in physiological benefits, such as lowering our heart rates. ●A study published in 2014 found experiencing various emotions results in less A correct attitude towards negative feelings medication, fewer doctor (9) ________， fewer days in hospitals, less smoking and better dietary and exercise habits. In other words, it does good to our overall well-being. ●Consequently, we should not fear negative 14
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feelings. Just be sure to (10) ________them with lighter experiences. B
(2017·江苏省六市高三二模)
The Science Behind Smiling
Not only does smiling reward our brain's feel-good system, it also makes us look more attractive and lowers stress levels.In stressful situations, smiling is a great way to relieve extreme levels of stress and to keep your cortisol (皮质醇) levels under control.
Naturally, happiness can result in smiling. Also, smiling can actually create happiness. Smiling tricks our brains into believing we are happy, and one way it does this is by making us think of happier memories, which improve our moods.
When the smiling muscles in our face contract, it sends a signal to the brain to encourage the reward system that further increases our levels of endorphins, or happiness hormones (荷尔蒙). It can have the same effect on our happiness as eating chocolate or receiving a monetary prize.
Even though the exact relationship behind facial expression and mental state is largely unknown, it has been suggested that smiling reduces levels of the stress-inducing hormone cortisol. Increased levels of cortisol could potentially lead to cardiovascular disease, mental illness, and obesity, so it's worth every effort to try to decrease our cortisol levels.
Research shows that when you smile, people treat you differently. Smiling instantly makes you appear more reliable, relaxed, sincere, and attractive. A study found that people who smiled more were rated as more attractive than those who avoided eye contact and didn't smile at all.
Perhaps this is why celebrities (名人) invest in perfect smiles, often looking for porcelain veneers to give them flawlessly straight, white teeth. According to a cosmetic (化妆用的) dentistry practice in Boston, broken and stained teeth can make a person look older, while a brighter smile gives a look of health and youthfulness. Anyone you spot on television will more likely than not have a perfect to smile. This gives them a youthful shine while at the same time making them look more attractive.
Smiling is an act that many of us may have to practice in order to make a regular habit. However, it's a habit worth investing in, as smiling, happiness, and health have a scientifically proven link to one other. If you find it hard to smile, try being around people who tend to smile a lot.According to a Swedish study, it is difficult to keep a straight face when constantly faced with people who are smiling at you.
Title：The Science Behind Smiling
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专题限时检测(二十五) 任务型阅读(二)
(限时24分钟)
A
(2017·南京、盐城高三一模) Until about 18 years ago, it was widely assumed that most of brain development occurs in the first few years of life. But recent research on the human brain has shown that many brain regions undergo prolonged development throughout adolescence and beyond in humans. This advancement in knowledge has increased old worries and given rise to new ones. It is hugely worrying that so many teenagers around the world don't have access to education at a time when their brains are still developing and being shaped by the environment. We should also worry about our lack of understanding of how our rapidly changing world is shaping the developing teenage brain.
Decades of research on early neurodevelopment suggested that the environment influences brain development. During the first few months or years of life, an animal must be exposed to particular visual or auditory stimuli (听觉刺激) for the associated brain cells and connections to develop. In this way, neuronal circuitry (神经元回路) is shaped according to the environment during “sensitive periods” of brain development. This research has focused mostly on early development of sensory brain regions. What about later development of higher-level brain regions, which are involved in decision-making, control and planning, as well as social understanding and self-awareness? We know these brain regions continue to develop throughout adolescence. However, we have very little knowledge about how environmental factors influence the developing teenage brain. This is something that should concern us.
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There's a lot of concern about the hours some teenagers spend online and playing video games. But maybe all this worry is misplaced. After all, throughout history humans have worried about the effects of new technologies on the minds of the next generation. When the printing press was invented, there was anxiety about reading corrupting young people's minds, and the same worries were repeated for the invention of radio and television. Maybe we shouldn't be worried at all. It's possible that the developing brains of today's teenagers are going to be the most adaptable, creative, multitasking brains that have ever existed. There is evidence — from adults — that playing video games improves a range of cognitive functions such as divided attention and working memory. Much less is known about how gaming, social networking and so on, influence the developing adolescent brain. We don't know whether the effects of new technologies on the developing brain are positive, negative or neutral. We need to find out.
Adolescence is a period of life in which the brain is developing and shapable, and it represents a good opportunity for learning and social development. However, according to UNICEF, 40% of the world's teenagers do not have access to secondary school education. The percentage of teenage girls who have no access to education is much higher, and yet there is strong evidence that the education of girls in developing countries has multiple significant benefits for family health, population growth rates, child mortality rates, HIV rates as well as for women's self-esteem and quality of life. Adolescence represents a time of brain development when teaching and training should be particularly beneficial. I worry about the lost opportunity of denying the world's teenagers access to education.
Worrying about the teenage brain Different from the previous studies, a new one reveals that brain Introduction development will (1)________ even in the teenage years and beyond, which (2)________ some worries. ·Particular visual or auditory stimuli are a must for animals to (4)________ neuronal circuitry at the early time of life. ·We should be (5)________ about what influence the environment has on the developing teenage brain. Various factors (3) ______ the teenage brain and new worries ·Humans always face new technologies with a sense of anxiety that young people's minds are (6)________． ·We are supposed to find out what kind of role new technologies play in the (7)________ of the teenage brain. ·Education is of great (8)________ in adolescence when the brain is developing and being shaped. However, it isn't (9)________ to two fifths of the world's teenagers, girls in particular. ·We are expected to be (10)________ of the effects of education on the developing brains. B (2017·无锡高三一模)The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time. However, that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling (逐步培养) proper behavior in kids. Behavior modification (BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults.
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Behavior modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired. Behavior modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by
B．F.Skinner, an American behaviorist. These techniques are used in
behavior modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behavior in children.
The commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement (强化), negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing proper behavior that most desire through the process of rewarding it. This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs desired behavior. Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or behavior because the desired behavior was performed. For example, not letting a child help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement. Punishment is something we all can relate to. Yes, it is just what it means. However, when put in words, punishment refers to subjecting (使服从于) an individual to a negative condition because of inappropriate behavior.
The behavior modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement. However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behavior modification. Though the behavior modification techniques lead to quick results, a parent should continuously try to cultivate (培养) in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such behavior is expected of him. This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent-child relationship. As a parent, don't make the reward a monetary one. Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward. A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.
Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification to children, both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play. Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child's behavior. It is true that there are various behavior modification techniques available for encouraging proper behavior in children. However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate (慈爱) environment.
Techniques for Modifying Behavior
Establishing various appropriate behaviors and (1) ______ of BM discouraging undesirable ones, aiming to correct and instill proper behavior in individuals. 18
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●Positive reinforcement: Reinforcing (2) ________behavior by means of rewarding it. ●Negative reinforcement: (3) ______ a negative consequence or behavior. ●Punishment: Subjecting an individual to a negative condition (4) ________ to improper behavior. BM techniques for children ●For parents: Realizing these techniques are helpful in leading to quick results, but they are not totally (5) ________. Effective ways ●Communicating (6) ________ with children and focusing more on the child-parent Types of BM techniques relationship. ●Making the reward more of a privilege rather than a reward. ●Remembering to (7) ________ to the same technique and apply it whenever there is a chance. ●For teachers: Realizing both parents and teachers have equally important roles. Effective ways ●Playing their role through classroom management designed for the (8) ________ of potential problems. ●Teaching (9) ________ skills needed in our society. ●Monitoring children's behavior continuously. Proper parenting and an affectionate (10) ________ 故填Conclusion。
专题限时检测(二十六) 任务型阅读(三)
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environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behavior in children.
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(限时24分钟)
A
(2017·苏、锡、常、镇高三三模)
Molecules (分子) found on phones
reveal lifestyle secrets
What does your phone say about you? Molecules found on mobile phones reveal an astonishing amount of information about the owner's health and lifestyle — including their food preferences and medication.
Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and antidepressants (抗抑郁药物) on 40 phones they tested. We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch. Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects, the researchers said. Using a technique called mass spectrometry (光谱测定), the University of California, San Diego research team tested 500 samples taken from 40 adults' mobile phones and hands. They then compared them with molecules identified in a database and produced a “lifestyle profile” of each phone owner.
Dr Amina Bouslimani, an assistant project scientist on the study, said the results were revealing. “By analysing the molecules they left behind on their phones, we could tell if a person is likely to be female, uses high-end cosmetics (化妆品), dyes her hair, drinks coffee, prefers beer to wine, likes spicy food, is being treated for depression, wears sunscreen and bug spray — and therefore likely to spend a lot of time outdoors — all kinds of things，” she said.
Most of the molecules are thought to be transferred from people's skin, hands and sweat to their phone. Mosquito repellents (驱蚊剂) and sunscreens were found to stay for a particularly long time on people's skin and phones, even when they had not been used for months. Previous research by the same team found that people who had not washed for three days still had lots of traces of health and beauty products on their skin.
The study said the testing method could identify an object's owner without fingerprints. It could also check if patients were taking their medication. Besides, it could provide useful information about a person's exposure to pollution.
The researchers now want to find out more about the great quantity of bacteria that cover our skin — and what they reveal about us. Senior author Prof Pieter Dorrestein said there were at least 1,000 different microbes living on the average person's skin, in hundreds of locations on the body.
Molecules (分子) found on phones reveal lifestyle secrets Your mobile phones convey a large amount of Research result information on your personal health and lifestyle. (1)______ research People who had not washed for three days still had lots of traces of health and beauty products on their skin. ● Molecules, chemicals and bacteria can be traced on mobile phones (3)________the habit of washing hands thoroughly. 20
Research (2)______
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●With the help of a(n) (4) ________， researchers tested 500 samples from 40 phones. ●(5)________ the samples with molecules identified in a database, scientists produced a “lifestyle profile” of each phone owner. ●Based on the (6)________ of the molecules, scientists could tell a person's gender, habits, hobbies, etc. ●The testing method can tell an object's owner's (7)________ in the absence of Practical application fingerprints. ●Information about a person's medication can be checked. ●How much a person is (8) ________to pollution can be traced. (9)______ research The researchers want to have a better (10) ________of bacteria covering our skin. B (2017·苏州高三一模)
Are we more narcissistic (自恋的) than ever before?
Like the flower, narcissism has continued to flourish in modern civilization, which has become such a part of culture. But narcissism in psychology is more than a single question can capture, which really has three types of narcissism. Problems arise when people discuss narcissism without identifying the form.
Grandiose (浮夸) narcissism is the outgoing, extraverted (外向) form. The narcissistic individual believes he or she is smarter, better-looking and more important than others. And, of course, he or she gets special treatment for this fact. In fact, some of them can be very charming, likable and enjoy people. On the opposite side, narcissistic relationships are often not very emotionally warm or caring.
Vulnerable (脆弱) narcissism is the second flavor of narcissism. It is harder to see than grandiose narcissism. Vulnerable narcissists think they have the right to get special treatment and greatness but actually have low self-confidence and are not typically extraverted. Imagine someone living in his mum's small room. He spends his evenings watching The X Factor believing he should be the next famous star singing act. Unfortunately, he hasn't the confidence to do it and instead becomes a netizen, who posts offensive, controversial, or divisive materials on an Internet community.
The third form of narcissism occurs when narcissism is extreme and causes clinically serious problems in a person's life — marriages fall apart, friends are lost, a career is over. When this occurs narcissism can be identified as a personality disorder — narcissistic personality disorder (also known as NPD ), containing a mix of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
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Can you change narcissism or NPD? There is no simple answer to this. For grandiose narcissism, what I often do is suggest practicing caring and compassion, doing what you are passionate about rather than what gets your attention and being responsible for your mistakes as well as successes.For vulnerable narcissism I would add to this list with practices that reduce depression and anxiety. Develop a sense of belonging or a friendship network; participate in physical exercise; or practice a form of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings. For NPD, there is no single, scientifically affirmed treatment of choice. But pay attention to the following. First, people with NPD are often reluctant to enter treatment because in their mind they do not have a problem — everyone else does. Second, it is challenging for doctors to keep individuals with NPD in treatment.
Narcissism is increasing and while social media hasn't been proven to actually create narcissists, it does give them a new platform to gain attention and admiration. Still, I remain optimistic that people can change if they are motivated, have the right tools, and know what type of narcissism they are dealing with.
Are we more narcissistic (自恋的) than ever before？ Current situations about narcissism ·Narcissism has developed to become a part of culture. ·Narcissism is more (1)________ than expected in psychology. ·A narcissist is outgoing and socially confident, sometimes showing loveliness. ·A narcissist considers himself to be such an unusual person as to be treated (3)________． ·A narcissist is often cold and likely to (2)______ of narcissism in divided types (4)________ care in emotion towards others. ·Vulnerable narcissism is more (5)________ than grandiose narcissism. ·A narcissist isn't actually confident though in his opinion he (6)________ special things. ·Narcissism is quite extreme to cause serious problems in the clinic, affecting the personal life. ·Be more considerate, do favorite things and take (7)________ for whatever they do. The approaches to treating narcissism or NPD ·Try to (8)________ by making more friends, doing exercise and so on. ·Help people with NPD to realize they have problems and not to (9)________ treatment. The future trend ·Narcissism is increasing perhaps because of 22
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social media. ·Narcissism can be (10)________ if handled actively in proper ways.
专题限时检测(二十七) 任务型阅读(四)
(限时24分钟)
A
(2017·苏北四市高三一模)
Is Cash Becoming Outdated?
When he rolls into a gas station to fill his tank, Barkhad Dahir doesn't get out of his car. He pushes a few buttons on his cellphone and within seconds he has paid for the fuel. With the same quick pushes on his phone, he pays for virtually everything he needs: groceries at the supermarket, a few oranges from a market stall, or a cup of sweet milky tea from a café. “Everyone here has his own bank with easy access，” boasts Mr.Dahir. “Even lying in bed, you can be paying your bills.”
Electronic payments offer consumers convenience, provide revenue for banks, credit card companies and payment processors, and offer merchants improved cash flow and convenience. “I don't even carry money any more，” says
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Adan Abokor, a democracy activist. “I haven't seen cash for a long time. Almost every merchant, even hawker (小贩) on the street, accepts payment by cellphone. There's no waiting for it and no counting of cash.”
The system is impressively simple and secure. Purchases are made by dialing a three-digit number, entering a four-digit PIN, and then entering the retailer's payment number and the amount of money. Both customers and merchants receive text messages to confirm the payment.
Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well. The printing and handling of money is expensive. Cash payments can be anonymous and hard to track criminal activities to be conducted in secret. Many governments favor reducing cash dealings in order to better monitor and understand the activities of their citizens. The Swedish government has been discussing the removing of cash since 2010.
However, some people doubt what members of a cashless society do when the power goes off. Do they choose to barter (物物交换) and rob? Do they sit at home and wait? What happens to people who rely on their cellphones to process money dealings when cell service and the Internet are interrupted? A world affected by terrorism and increasingly violent weather may not yet be ready to abandon currency. “Ironically, the day after the largest bank in Norway, DNB, proposed ending all cash dealings, I went to my local grocery store and when I tried to pay by phone, I was told that I needed to go to the ATM to get cash because the system was broken，” said an interviewee.
Other people fear that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks and enable dealings to be tracked and reported.
Privacy, security and convenience are all important factors in the adoption of electronic payment technology. New technologies which balance and address these factors may enable people to remove cash.
Is Cash Becoming Outdated？
Passage outline payments Supporting details he needs by using his mobile phone. ·They can be more (3)________ without waiting in line or Reasons for the (2)________ counting the cash, whose characteristics include (4)________ and for electronic payments simplicity. ·They reduce the cost of printing money and allow the government to (5)________ cash activities. ·Some people are (7)________ whether electronic payments can Possible (6)________ of electronic payments still be effective during times when the power goes off. ·There are (8)________ that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks. ·It is possible that electronic dealings can be (9)________ and reported for illegal use. Conclusion Cash is not (10)________ to be completely replaced unless privacy, security and convenience are balanced and settled. B (2017·通、扬、泰、淮高三三模)We all need to feel understood, recognized and affirmed (证实) by our friends, family
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An example of electronic Barkhad Dahir claims that he can almost purchase (1)________
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and romantic partners. We all need to find our tribe.
Research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group, feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning. When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter, you believe you matter, too.
Though we all share a need to belong, in the first decades of the 20th century, many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature. The idea that children needed parental love and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous, but it was dismissed as immoral and disgusting.
As behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to child-raising, this view shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life. They discovered that people, whatever their age, needed more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives.
But, sadly, many of us lack close ties. At a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before, rates of social isolation (孤立) are rising. The results of an Age UK poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day alone, and it's not unusual for another half a million people to go five or six days without seeing or speaking to someone.
All these figures reveal more than a rise in loneliness — they reveal a lack of meaning in people's lives. In surveys, we list our close relationships as our most important sources of meaning. Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.
While close relationships are critical for living a meaningful life, they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate (培养). Psychologists have also discovered the value of small moments of intimacy (亲昵行为). “High-quality connections”， as one researcher calls them, are positive, short-term interactions between two people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic (移情作用的) conversation on a plane. High-quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances, colleagues and strangers.
We can't control whether someone will make a high-quality connection with us, but we can all choose to start one. We can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away. We can choose to value people rather than devalue them. We can invite people to belong.
Passage outline Supporting details ◆Everyone hopes to develop a (1)______ of The need to belong belonging in a group. ◆People's self-respect is (2) ________ by other people's opinion. 25
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◆Many famous experts in the first decades of the 20th century (4) ________ that people had The changing (3) ______to belonging the need to belong. ◆Experts later came to realize that people, regardless of their age, needed (5) ________ to enjoy full and healthy lives. ◆Many people are cut off from the world and feel (7) ________. Consequences of (6)______close ties ◆People who do not have enough close relationships find their life has less (8) ________. ◆High-quality connections make a (9) Another way to meet the need ________ in helping satisfy our need to belong. ◆We should (10) ________ to make a high-quality connection.
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