答案：表明two poles, two extremes，的反义词，它们之间存在一种包容现象，这种包容现象被称作（Middle ground）

e.g. huge / tiny（ 它们之间存在着big , small , quite big, quite small）

e.g. young / old

这类反义词被称为(Contrary terms)

问题：fast 这个词, 它表示紧的概念时, 它 和loose 是一组反义词，表示快的概念 时，它和slow 是一组反义词， 这样的 一种语义关系算什么样的语义关系？

答案： polysemy

问题：分析deer , dear 这两个词是什么样的词？

答案：Homophone

重点: homonyms 有哪三个类别的划分？

1) perfect homonyms

e.g. bank , bear

2) homographs

e.g. bow, sow

3) homophones

e.g dear, deer

right, write, rite

重点：Origins of Homonyms

1) Change in sound and spelling

2) Borrowing

3) Shortening

问题：shortening 可以表现在哪些分支结构构成上?

1) Acronymy 2) Homonymy 3) Narrowing 4) Idioms

重点问题：Homonymy 和 Polysemy 的区别？ （ 未考过）

6.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms

e.g. Long time no sea. ( puns )

humor, sarcasm or ridicule 重点：名词解释 Synonyms

Types of Synonyms : 1) Absolute synonyms 2) Relative synonyms

重要简答题：Sources of Synonyms ( 四大来源， 配以例子说明就可以了)

1) Borrowing

2)Dialects and regional English

3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words

4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions

重点：如何区分同义词？(Discrimination of Synonyms )

1) Difference in denotation

2) Difference in connotation

3) Difference in application

antonymy : 反义关系

要点:反义词的三种类别的划分:

What are the different types of antonyms?

三种类别的名词解释都要记:

1) Contradictory terms

exclusive

特例: they cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualifythem.

e.g. single/ married (有可能放在分析里去论述)

2) contrary terms

关键词: two poles or extremes middle ground

e.g. rich / poor (中间还可出现well-to-do)

3) Relative terms

e.g. parent / child , predecessor/ successor

问题: What are the characteristics of antonyms?

1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition

特例:Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, e.g. read, hit, house, book, power, magazine. Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.

2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.

(这个特点只适用于polysemous )

e.g. fast , dull

3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.

(这里讲的包容性是指一个反义词必然包 含着另外一个反义词的绝对的概念)

e.g.man/ woman (man 除了指男性,还可以指整个人类, woman 算作人类的一 部分, 所以woman 也算在man 的范畴内,因此,woman 被man 所包容)

dog / bitch ( dog 除了指狗类通称,还可以指公狗, bitch是母狗, dog指狗类通称的时,bitch是狗的一种,因此我们说bitch必然被dog所包容,所以,它们之间存在着Semantic inclusion)

(语义上的包容性还没有考过)

e.g. tall/short, old /young

4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.

(特例)Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite,(未考过, 重要的选择或填空内容)

e.g. happy / unhappy/ sad ( happy/ unhappy 之间的反义关系是negative, happy/sad 之间的关系是opposite )

The use of Antonyms (通常用在习语当中) e.g. rain or sine

high and low

easy come, easy go

名词解释:Hyponymy (未考过,很重要的概念)

Hyponymy : 1) hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.

2)That is to say, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.

3) These specific words are known as hyponyms. The general words are the superordinate terms and the more specific ones are subordinate terms.

注意:hyponyms 和 subordinate 都是指下义词.

比如说:考试给你hammer, saw, spanner这些词, 然后再给你tool这个词, 然后让你用语义关系的理论加以分析这组词?

分析: hammer, saw , spanner 都是specific word, 它们和tool 存在的关系是semantic inclusion , 所以tool 是一个superordinate , hammer, saw, spanner 属于subordinate 或者是hyponyms.

(用上下义语义关系进行理论分析的题,也是一个考试的要点)

hyponymy ( 它与语义场semantic field具有一定的联系)

注意: 上义词与下义词不是一成不变的, 也不是绝对的, 是一个相对的概念,不同的语义场就存在不同的上下义关系.

重点:Semantic Field (名词解释) (未考过)