答案：C）mother language ( 不存在的一种说法)

问题：以下的哪一个词 is not an expression used by American? A) tube B) bar C) Mailbox D) Congress

答案：tube ( 只有英国人把地铁叫tube , 美国人把它叫作subway, underground ) 问题：‘smog’它是‘smoke , fog’ 合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一 种构词法？

A) clipping B ) compounding C) blending D) backformation 答案： C ) blending

问题：以下的词哪些属于：A)simple word B) compound word C) derived word D) shortened form. e.g. goldmine (compound word ) bike ( shortened form )

process (derived word : cess 是一个不可分割的bound root，pro 它 是一个前缀)

supermarket ( derived word ) language ( simple word ) driver ( derived word )

dorm ( shortened form, clipping ) modernize ( derivation ) blackboard ( compound )

bus ( shortened form ) (omnibus )

(可能会出现的题)What is the difference between content words and functional words, illustrate your point with examples ? ( 未考过) 注意：答题时先答名词解释，再加以例子说明。

(复习要考虑的题) What is the difference between denotative meaning and connotative meaning?

(论述题) What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? ( 未考过)

答题时先答名词解释basic word stock 再答五大特点并配以例子加以说明。 (关键答好第一个特点: ‘All national character ， 它又分为五个特点) 前四章复习的内容：

问题：Which of the following words is not formed through clipping? A) dorm B) Motel C) gent D) zoo 答案：Motel: (blending)

问题：Old English has vocabulary of about how many words ? 答案：50,000 to 60,000

问题：词素分为自由词素和粘着词素，自由词素又被称作自由词根，粘着词素 分为哪两类？

答案：粘着词素分为：Bound root 和 affixes 选择题或填空：

Besides French words, English also absorb as many as 2,500 words in the Middle English Period. (Dutch ) A word is a symbol that B .

A ) is used by same community

B) represents something else in the world C) both simple and complex in nature

D) Show different ideas in different sounds

The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called degradation or pejoration.

Pronouns and numerals enjoy nationwide use and stability, but has limited Productivity

问题：以下的这些词是粘着词素吗， 以下的这些词是什么样的构词法？ 1) heart and soul ( Adverbial in nature )

2) father - male parent ( conceptual meaning ) 3) City-bred ( noun + v-ed )

4) Lip-reading - lip read (backformation ) 5) headache (compound n + v )

6) antecedent ( 下划线的这一部分是什么： bound morphemes ) 7) preview ( prefix : 前缀) 8) receive ( bound root )

9) called ( inflectional affixes )

英语词汇学考前串讲(二)

第五章：Word Meaning

The meanings of‘Meaning’ 指的是哪三个层次的内容?

意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:

What are the meanings of ‘Meaning’?

1) Reference (有reference 的词必然具有sense, 也必然具有Concept )

2) Concept( 能够形成Concept 的词必然有reference )

3) Sense (有sense 的词未必具有concept , 也未必具有reference)

(Conjunction , prepositions, adverbs, 它们都是具有sense 的词,但是未必具有reference , 也未必具有concept, 例如：if, but, probably : 它们有sense, 但没有concept )

What is the relationship between the reference and the thing outside the language?（等同于：What is relationship between sound and form ）

答: Arbitrary and conventional

名词解释: reference

名词Concept : 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical .

They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.

2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind .

3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.

4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.

重点: sense 的名词解释：

Sense : 1. ‘ sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. ‘ The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’

2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.

*3. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)

重点：What are the type of motivation？

1) Onomatopoeic motivation 2) Morphological Motivation 3) Semantic Motivation 4) Etymological Motivation

填空:

1.some of the words when edited with prefixes and suffixes, it will become another new word, either new in meaning or new in sense, this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )

2. Compounds are totally different in the meaning before it was carried out with different elements, so the meaning of a compound can not be deduced from component constituted this compound ,this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )

3. pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writting tool, this motivation is called (etymological motivation)

4. Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning )

4.laconic answer (简短回答),

laconic 的形成是属于哪一种理据 (etymological motivation)

问题: pingpong ball , cuckoo 是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?

答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation

问题:at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river, 此时采用了哪一种理据构成?

答案: Semantic movtivation

论述题: 1. What are the types of motivation?

2. What are the types of meaning?

按大的分支来分分为: (1)grammatical meaning (2)Lexical meaning

分析题:*’The dog is chasing a cat’, analyze the sentence based on grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.

(语法意义上分析没考过, 但从词汇意义上分析考过)

语法意义指一个词的词性, 句中充当的成份, 句子的时态,单复数形式等.

1)’Dog, cat’ are nouns, and ’chase’ is transitive verb.

2) The sentence is used in present continuous tense.

3) ’The dog, a cat’ are singular form.

问题:The pen is mightier than sword? 请 从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?

Both ’pen and sword’ are nouns.

’mightier’ is an adjective, and ’than’ is preposition. The sentence is in simple present tense.

这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?

’Mightier than’ is comparative degree.

’pen and sword’ are in singular form.