Èç¹û¶ÔÓÚº¯Êýf(x)¶¨ÒåÓòÄÚÈÎÒâÒ»¸öx£¬¶¼ÓУ®f(£x)=£®£®£®£®£®£f(x),ÄÇôº¯Êýf(x)½Ð×ö£®£®£®£®£®Æ溯Êý£® £®£®£®º¯ÊýµÄ ÆæżÐÔ Èç¹û¶ÔÓÚº¯Êýf(x)¶¨ÒåÓòÄÚÈÎÒâÒ»¸öx£¬¶¼ÓУ®f(££®£®x)=f(x),ÄÇôº¯Êýf(x)½Ð£®£®£®£®£®£®£®×öżº¯Êý£® £®£®£® £¨1£©ÀûÓö¨Ò壨ҪÏÈÅж϶¨ÒåÓòÊÇ·ñ¹ØÓÚÔµã¶Ô³Æ£© £¨2£©ÀûÓÃͼÏó£¨Í¼Ïó¹ØÓÚÔµã¶Ô³Æ£© £¨1£©ÀûÓö¨Ò壨ҪÏÈÅж϶¨ÒåÓòÊÇ·ñ¹ØÓÚÔµã¶Ô³Æ£© £¨2£©ÀûÓÃͼÏó£¨Í¼Ïó¹ØÓÚyÖá¶Ô³Æ£© º¯ÊýµÄÈýÒªËØ:¶¨ÒåÓò¡¢ÖµÓòºÍ¶ÔÓ¦·¨Ôò¡£ º¯ÊýµÄͼÏñ£º £¨1£©×÷ͼ
ÀûÓÃÃèµã·¨×÷ͼµÄ²½Ö裺
1£©È·¶¨º¯ÊýµÄ¶¨ÒåÓò£» 2£©»¯½âº¯Êý½âÎöʽ£» 3£©ÌÖÂÛº¯ÊýµÄÐÔÖÊ£¨ÆæżÐÔ¡¢µ¥µ÷ÐÔ£©£» 4£©»³öº¯ÊýµÄͼÏó£® ÀûÓûù±¾º¯ÊýͼÏóµÄ±ä»»×÷ͼ£º
Ҫ׼ȷ¼ÇÒäÒ»´Îº¯Êý¡¢¶þ´Îº¯Êý¡¢·´±ÈÀýº¯Êý¡¢Ö¸Êýº¯Êý¡¢¶ÔÊýº¯Êý¡¢Ãݺ¯Êý¡¢Èý½Çº¯ÊýµÈ¸÷ÖÖ»ù±¾³õµÈº¯ÊýµÄͼÏó£®
¢ÙƽÒƱ任
h?0,×óÒÆh¸öµ¥Î»y?f(x)????????y?f(x?h)h?0,ÓÒÒÆ|h|¸öµ¥Î»k?0,ÉÏÒÆk¸öµ¥Î»y?f(x)????????y?f(x)?k£»
k?0,ÏÂÒÆ|k|¸öµ¥Î»¢ÚÉìËõ±ä»»
0???1,Éìy?f(x)?????y?f(?x) ??1,Ëõ0?A?1,Ëõy?f(x)?????y?Af(x)£» A?1,Éì¢Û¶Ô³Æ±ä»»
yÖáxÖáy?f(x)????y??f(x) y?f(x)????y?f(?x)
Ö±Ïßy?xÔµãy?f(x)????y??f(?x) y?f(x)?????y?f?1(x) È¥µôyÖá×ó±ßͼÏóy?f(x)????????????????y?f(|x|) ±£ÁôyÖáÓÒ±ßͼÏ󣬲¢×÷Æä¹ØÓÚyÖá¶Ô³ÆͼÏó±£ÁôxÖáÉÏ·½Í¼Ïóy?f(x)??????????y?|f(x)| ½«xÖáÏ·½Í¼Ïó·ÕÛÉÏÈ¥£¨2£©Ê¶Í¼
¶ÔÓÚ¸ø¶¨º¯ÊýµÄͼÏó£¬ÒªÄÜ´ÓͼÏóµÄ×óÓÒ¡¢ÉÏÏ·ֱð·¶Î§¡¢±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆ¡¢¶Ô³ÆÐԵȷ½ÃæÑо¿º¯ÊýµÄ¶¨ÒåÓò¡¢ÖµÓò¡¢µ¥µ÷ÐÔ¡¢ÆæżÐÔ£¬×¢ÒâͼÏóÓ뺯Êý½âÎöʽÖвÎÊýµÄ¹Øϵ£® £¨3£©ÓÃͼ
17
º¯ÊýͼÏóÐÎÏóµØÏÔʾÁ˺¯ÊýµÄÐÔÖÊ£¬ÎªÑо¿ÊýÁ¿¹ØϵÎÊÌâÌṩÁË¡°ÐΡ±µÄÖ±¹ÛÐÔ£¬ËüÊÇ̽Çó½âÌâ;¾¶£¬»ñµÃÎÊÌâ½á¹ûµÄÖØÒª¹¤¾ß£®ÒªÖØÊÓÊýÐνáºÏ½âÌâµÄ˼Ïë·½·¨¡£ º¯ÊýµÄÖµÓòµÄ³£ÓÃÇ󷨣º£¨1£©»»Ôª·¨£»£¨2£©Åä·½·¨£»£¨3£©Åбðʽ·¨£»£¨4£©¼¸ºÎ·¨£»£¨5£©²»µÈʽ·¨£»£¨6£©µ¥µ÷ÐÔ·¨£»£¨7£©Ö±½Ó·¨¡£ º¯Êý¼«Ï޵Ķ¨Ò壨x¡ú¡Þ£©:
(1)µ±×Ô±äÁ¿xÈ¡ÕýÖµ²¢ÇÒÎÞÏÞÔö´óʱ£¬Èç¹ûº¯Êýf(x)ÎÞÏÞÇ÷½üÓÚÒ»¸ö³£Êýa£¬¾Í˵µ±xÇ÷ÏòÓÚÕýÎÞÇî´óʱ£¬º¯Êýf(x)µÄ¼«ÏÞÊÇa. ¼Ç×÷£º
x???limf(x)=a£¬»òÕßµ±x¡ú+¡Þʱ£¬f(x)¡úa.
(2)µ±×Ô±äÁ¿xÈ¡¸ºÖµ²¢ÇÒ¾ø¶ÔÖµÎÞÏÞÔö´óʱ£¬Èç¹ûº¯Êýf(x)ÎÞÏÞÇ÷½üÓÚÒ»¸ö³£Êýa£¬¾Í˵µ±xÇ÷ÏòÓÚ¸ºÎÞÇî´óʱ£¬º¯Êýf(x)µÄ¼«ÏÞÊÇa. ¼Ç×÷
x???limf(x)=a»òÕßµ±x¡ú£¡Þʱ£¬f(x)¡úa.
(3)Èç¹û
x???limf(x)=aÇÒlimf(x)=a£¬ÄÇô¾Í˵µ±xÇ÷ÏòÓÚÎÞÇî´óʱ£¬º¯Êýf(x)µÄ¼«
x???ÏÞÊÇa£¬¼Ç×÷£ºlimf(x)=a»òÕßµ±x¡ú¡Þʱ£¬f(x)¡úa¡£
x??³£Êýº¯Êý:f(x)=c.(x¡ÊR)£¬ÓÐlimf(x)=c¡£
x??×¢Ò⣺limf(x)´æÔÚ£¬±íʾ
x??x???limf(x)ºÍlimf(x)¶¼´æÔÚ£¬ÇÒÁ½ÕßÏàµÈ.ËùÒÔlimf(x)ÖеÄ
x???x??¡Þ¼ÈÓÐ+¡Þ£¬ÓÖÓУ¡ÞµÄÒâÒ壬¶øÊýÁм«ÏÞlimanÖеġ޽öÓÐ+¡ÞµÄÒâÒå ¡£
x??º¯Êý¼«Ï޵Ķ¨Ò壨x¡úx0£©:
(1)µ±×Ô±äÁ¿xÎÞÏÞÇ÷½üÓÚx0£¨x?x0£©Ê±£¬Èç¹ûº¯Êýy?f(x)ÎÞÏÞÇ÷½üÓÚÒ»¸ö³£Êýa£¬¾Í˵µ±xÇ÷Ïòx0ʱ£¬º¯Êýy?f(x)µÄ¼«ÏÞÊÇa£¬¼Ç×÷limf(x)?a x?x0ÌرðµØ£¬limC?C£»limx?x0 £»
x?x0x?x0x?x0limf(x)?a?lim?f(x)?lim?f(x)?a£»
x?x0x?x0x?x0f(x)?a±íʾµ±x´Ó×ó²àÇ÷½üÓÚx0ʱµÄ×ó¼«ÏÞ£» (2)lim?(3)lim?f(x)?a±íʾµ±x´ÓÓÒ²àÇ÷½üÓÚx0ʱµÄÓÒ¼«ÏÞ¡£
x?x0º¯Êý¼«ÏÞµÄËÄÔòÔËËã·¨Ôò£º
Èôlimf(x)?a£¬limg(x)?b£¬Ôò(1)lim??f?x??g?x????a?b£»
x?x0x?x0x?x0(2)lim??f?x??g?x????a?b; (3)limx?x0x?x0f?x?a??b?0?¡£ g?x?bº¯Êýf(x)ÔÚx=x0´¦Á¬Ðø±ØÐëÂú×ãÏÂÃæÈý¸öÌõ¼þ£º
(1)º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚµãx=x0´¦Óж¨Ò壻
(2)limf(x)´æÔÚ£»
x?x0 18
(3)limf(x)=f(x0)£¬¼´º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚµãx0´¦µÄ¼«ÏÞÖµµÈÓÚÕâÒ»µãµÄº¯ÊýÖµ.
x?x0Èç¹ûÉÏÊöÈý¸öÌõ¼þÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öÌõ¼þ²»Âú×㣬¾Í˵º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚµãx0´¦²»Á¬Ðø.ÄǸù¾ÝÕâÈý¸öÌõ¼þ£¬ÎÒÃǾͿÉÒÔ¸ø³öº¯ÊýÔÚÒ»µãÁ¬ÐøµÄ¶¨Òå¡£ º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚÇø¼ä(a£¬b)ÄÚÁ¬ÐøµÄ¶¨Ò壺
Èç¹ûº¯Êýf(x)ÔÚijһ¿ªÇø¼ä(a£¬b)ÄÚÿһµã´¦Á¬Ðø£¬¾Í˵º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚ¿ªÇø¼ä(a£¬b)ÄÚÁ¬Ðø£¬»òf(x)ÊÇ¿ªÇø¼ä(a£¬b)ÄÚµÄÁ¬Ðøº¯Êý¡£
f(x)ÔÚ¿ªÇø¼ä(a£¬b)ÄÚµÄÿһµãÒÔ¼°ÔÚa¡¢bÁ½µã¶¼Á¬Ðø£¬ÏÖÔÚº¯Êýf(x)µÄ¶¨ÒåÓòÊÇ£Ûa£¬b£Ý£¬ÈôÔÚaµãÁ¬Ðø£¬Ôòf(x)ÔÚaµãµÄ¼«ÏÞ´æÔÚ²¢ÇÒµÈÓÚf(a)£¬¼´ÔÚaµãµÄ×ó¡¢ÓÒ¼«ÏÞ¶¼´æÔÚ£¬ÇÒ¶¼µÈÓÚf(a)£¬ f(x)ÔÚ(a£¬b)ÄÚµÄÿһµã´¦Á¬Ðø£¬ÔÚaµã´¦ÓÒ¼«ÏÞ´æÔÚµÈÓÚf(a)£¬ÔÚbµã´¦×ó¼«ÏÞ´æÔÚµÈÓÚf(b)¡£
º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚÇø¼ä£Ûa£¬b£ÝÉÏÁ¬ÐøµÄ¶¨Ò壺
Èç¹ûf(x)ÔÚ¿ªÇø¼ä(a£¬b)ÄÚÁ¬Ðø£¬ÔÚ×ó¶Ëµãx=a´¦ÓÐlimf(x)=f(a)£¬ÔÚÓҶ˵ãx=b´¦ÓÐ?x?ax?b?limf(x)=f(b),¾Í˵º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚ±ÕÇø¼ä£Ûa£¬b£ÝÉÏÁ¬Ðø,»òf(x)ÊDZÕÇø¼ä£Ûa£¬b£ÝÉϵÄÁ¬Ðøº¯Êý.
Èç¹ûº¯Êýf(x)ÔÚ±ÕÇø¼ä£Ûa£¬b£ÝÉÏÊÇÁ¬Ðøº¯Êý£¬ÄÇËüµÄͼÏó¿Ï¶¨ÊÇÒ»ÌõÁ¬ÐøÇúÏß¡£
º¯Êý y?f(x)ÔÚÇø¼ä ?a,b?ÉϵÄ×î´óÖµÓë×îСֵ µÄÇ󷨲½Ö裺 £¨1£©º¯Êý y?f(x)ÔÚ(a,b)ÄÚÓе¼Êý £» £®£®£®£®
£¨2£©Çóº¯Êý y?f(x)ÔÚ(a,b)Äڵļ«Öµ¡£½«º¯Êýy?f(x)ÔÚ(a,b)Äڵļ«ÖµÓëf(a),f(b)±È£®½Ï£¬ÆäÖÐ×î´óµÄÒ»¸öΪ×î´óÖµ £¬×îСµÄÒ»¸öΪ×îСֵ¡£
º¯Êýf£¨x£©ÔÚ[a£¬b]ÉϵÄ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵµÄ²½Ö裨y=f£¨x£©ÔÚ[a£¬b]ÉÏÓж¨Ò壬ÔÚ£¨a£¬b£©ÄÚÓе¼Êý£©£º
£¨1£©Çóf£¨x£©ÔÚ£¨a£¬b£©Äڵļ«Öµ£» £¨2£©½«f£¨x£©µÄ¸÷¼«ÖµÓëf£¨a£©¡¢f£¨b£©±È½Ï£¬È·¶¨f£¨x£©µÄ×î´óÖµÓë×îСֵ¡£ ×¢£ºÔÚʵ¼ÊÎÊÌâÖУ¬Èç¹ûº¯ÊýÔÚÇø¼äÄÚÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö¼«Öµµã£¨µ¥·åº¯Êý£©£¬ÄÇô£¬Ö»Òª¸ù¾Ýʵ¼ÊÒâÒåÅж¨×îÖµ£¬²»±ØÔÙÓë¶ËµãµÄº¯ÊýÖµ×÷±È½Ï¡£
º¯Êýy?f?x?ÔÚ?a,b?ÉϵÄÇó×î´óÖµÓë×îСֵµÄ²½ÖèÊÇ£º
?1?Çóº¯Êýy?f?x?ÔÚ?a,b?Äڵļ«Öµ£»
?2?½«º¯Êýy?f?x?µÄ¸÷¼«ÖµÓë¶Ëµã´¦µÄº¯ÊýÖµf?a?£¬f?b?±È½Ï£¬ÆäÖÐ×î´óµÄÒ»¸öÊÇ×î
´óÖµ£¬×îСµÄÒ»¸öÊÇ×îСֵ¡£
º¯ÊýÔÚÒ»µãÁ¬ÐøµÄ¶¨Òå: Èç¹ûº¯Êýf(x)ÔÚµãx=x0´¦Óж¨Ò壬limf(x)´æÔÚ£¬ÇÒlimf(x)=f(x0)£¬
x?x0
x?x0
ÄÇôº¯Êýf(x)ÔÚµãx=x0´¦Á¬Ðø.
ÓɵÚÈý¸öÌõ¼þ£¬limf(x)=f(x0)¾Í¿ÉÒÔÖªµÀlimf(x)ÊÇ´æÔڵģ¬ËùÒÔÎÒÃÇ϶¨Òåʱ¿ÉÒÔÔÙ
x?x0
x?x0
¼ò½àÒ»µã. º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚµãx0´¦Á¬ÐøµÄ¶¨Òå.
Èç¹ûº¯Êýy=f(x)ÔÚµãx=x0´¦¼°Æ丽½üÓж¨Ò壬²¢ÇÒlimf(x)=f(x0)¾Í˵º¯Êýf(x)ÔÚµãx0´¦Á¬Ðø¡£
x?x0ÄÇÔõô¸ù¾ÝÔÚÒ»µãÁ¬ÐøµÄ¶¨ÒåÀ´¶¨ÒåÔÚÒ»¸ö¿ªÇø¼ä(a£¬b)ÄÚÁ¬ÐøµÄ¶¨Ò壮 Çø¼äÊÇÓɵ㹹³ÉµÄ£¬Ö»Òªº¯Êýf(x)ÔÚ¿ªÇø¼äÄÚµÄÿһ¸öµã¶¼Á¬Ðø£¬ÄÇôËüÔÚ¿ªÇø¼äÄÚÒ²¾ÍÁ¬ÐøÁË¡£
19
ºÏÇéÍÆÀí£º¹éÄÉÍÆÀíºÍÀà±ÈÍÆÀí¶¼ÊǸù¾ÝÒÑÓÐÊÂʵ£¬¾¹ý¹Û²ì¡¢·ÖÎö¡¢±È½Ï¡¢ÁªÏ룬ÔÚ½øÐйéÄÉ¡¢Àà±È£¬È»ºóÌá³ö²ÂÏëµÄÍÆÀí£¬ÎÒÃÇ°ÑËüÃdzÆΪºÏÇéÍÆÀí¡£ »¡¶ÈÖÆÓë½Ç¶ÈÖƵĻ»Ë㹫ʽ£º2??360£¬1??180£¬1???180???57.3¡£ ???»¥³âʼþ£¨»¥²»ÏàÈÝʼþ£©£º¡°AÓëB²»ÄÜͬʱ·¢Éú¡±½Ð×öA¡¢B»¥³â¡£
¡£ A2B??¡£ÈôAÓëB»¥³â£¬ÔòP£¨A+B£©=P£¨A£©+P£¨B£©»Ø¹é·ÖÎöÖлعéЧ¹ûµÄÅж¨£º ¢Å×ÜÆ«²îƽ·½ºÍ£º
?(yi?1ni?y)¢Æ²Ð²î£ºei?yi?yi£»¢Ç²Ð²îƽ·½ºÍ£º?(yi?yi)2 £»
2i?1??n?¢È»Ø¹éƽ·½ºÍ£º
?(yi?1ni?y)£?(yi?yi)£»¢ÉÏà¹ØÖ¸ÊýR?1?222n??(y?(yi?1i?1nni?yi)2 ¡£
?i?1i?yi)2×¢£º£¨1£©RµÃÖªÔ½´ó£¬ËµÃ÷²Ð²îƽ·½ºÍԽС£¬ÔòÄ£ÐÍÄâºÏЧ¹ûÔ½ºÃ£» £¨2£©RÔ½½Ó½üÓÚ1£¬£¬Ôò»Ø¹éЧ¹ûÔ½ºÃ¡£
»Ø¹éÖ±Ïß
»Ø¹éÖ±ÏߣºÏÔÈ»ÕâÑùµÄÖ±Ïß»¹¿ÉÒÔ»³öÐí¶àÌõ£¬¶øÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÕÒ³öÆäÖеÄÒ»Ìõ£¬ËüÄÜ×îºÃµØ·´Ó³xÓëYÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ£¬ÕâÌõÖ±Ï߾ͽлعéÖ±Ïߣ¬¼Ç´ËÖ±Ïß·½³ÌΪy£½a£«bx£®
Ôò¢Ùʽ½Ð×öY¶ÔxµÄ»Ø¹é·½³Ì£¬b½Ð×ö»Ø¹éϵÊý£®¶øÇÒ
n?(xi?x)(yi?y)???b?i?1n??(xi?x)2??i?1??a?y?bx22?xyii?1nni?nxy?nx2?xi?12
i»Ø¹éÖ±Ïß·½³ÌµÄ½âÌâ²½Ö裺¢Å¼ÆËãƽ¾ùÊýx,y£»¢Æ¼ÆËãxiÓëyiµÄ»ý£¬Çó¢Ç¼ÆËã
?xy£»
ii?x2i£»¢È½«½á¹û´úÈ빫ʽÇób£»¢ÉÓà a?y?bxÇóa£»¢Êд³ö»Ø¹é·½³Ì¡£
J
»ù±¾Ê¼þ£ºÒ»´ÎÊÔÑéÁ¬Í¬ÆäÖпÉÄܳöÏÖµÄÿһ¸ö½á¹û³ÆΪһ¸ö»ù±¾Ê¼þ¡£ ¼¯ºÏµÄ±íʾ·¨£º
(1)×ÔÈ»ÓïÑÔ·¨£ºÓÃÎÄ×ÖÐðÊöµÄÐÎʽÀ´ÃèÊö¼¯ºÏ£¬Àý£ºÕûÊýµÄÈ«Ìå¹¹³ÉÒ»¸ö¼¯ºÏ£»
(2)Áоٷ¨£º°Ñ¼¯ºÏÖеÄÔªËØÒ»Ò»ÁоٳöÀ´£¬Ð´ÔÚ´óÀ¨ºÅÄÚ±íʾ¼¯ºÏ£¬Àý£º{1£¬2£¬3}£» (3)ÃèÊö·¨£º{x|x¾ßÓеÄÐÔÖÊ}£¬ÆäÖÐxΪ¼¯ºÏµÄ´ú±íÔªËØ£¬Àý£º{x|x-2=0}£» (4)ͼʾ·¨£ºÓÃÊýÖá»òΤ¶÷ͼÀ´±íʾ¼¯ºÏ£»£¨5£©Çø¼ä·¨£»£¨6£©×Öĸ·¨¡£ ¼¯ºÏµÄ·ÖÀࣺ(1)º¬ÓÐÓÐÏÞ¸öÔªËصļ¯ºÏ½Ð×öÓÐÏÞ¼¯£»
(2)º¬ÓÐÎÞÏÞ¸öÔªËصļ¯ºÏ½Ð×öÎÞÏÞ¼¯£» (3)²»º¬ÓÐÈκÎÔªËصļ¯ºÏ½Ð×ö¿Õ¼¯(?)¡£
20