2016×Éѯ¹¤³Ìʦ¼ÌÐø½ÌÓý¿Î¼þ-¼¼Êõ¾­¼Ãѧ¿Æ·¢Õ¹×´¿ö¼°Î´À´Õ¹Íû ÏÂÔØ±¾ÎÄ

¹²ÀûÒæ»ù±¾Ò»Ö£¬Êг¡ÊÇÒ»¼ÜȨºâÉÌÆ·ºÍÀÍÎñ¼ÛÖµµÄ¿É¿¿»úÆ÷£¬ÎÞÐèÁíÍâÓбðÓÚÊг¡µÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û»úÖÆ¡£Ë½ÈËÀûµÃµÄ¼Ó×ܱã¿ÉµÃµ½Éç»á×ܸ£Àû¡£Ëæ×ž­¼ÃѧµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬¾­¼Ãѧ¼ÒÃÇÖð½¥¹ØÐĵ½Éç»áЧÓá¢Éú²úºÍÏû·Ñˮƽ¡¢×ÊÔ´ÅäÖÃÒÔ¼°Ò»°ãÉç»á¸£ÀûÎÊÌ⣬´Ó¶øµ®ÉúÁ˸£Àû¾­¼Ãѧ¡£ÎÞÂÛ¸£Àû¾­¼ÃѧÖеġ°¸£Àû¡±¶àôģºý£¬µ«ÒÔÒ»¶¨¹æ·¶×÷Ϊ±ê³ß£¬Ê¹Éç»á¡°¸£Àû¡±µÄÔö¼õ¼°¸ßµÍ¿ÉÒÔÅÅÁУ¬¹©²»Í¬µÄÉç»á¾­¼ÃÇé¿öϽøÐоñÔñ£¬ÆäÖаüº¬×ÅͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ»ù±¾Ë¼Â·¡£Òò´Ë£¬×÷ΪͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÀíÂÛÖ§³Å£¬Ó¦ÒÔ¸£Àû¾­¼ÃѧµÄµ®ÉúΪ±êÖ¾¡£ ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬Æä³ûÐÍÓëʵ¼ù£¬ÃÀ¹úÈËÈÏΪÓɸ»À¼¿ËÁÖÊ×´´¡£¶øÏÖ´úÒâÒåµÄ·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎöÔòÊÇ·¨¹ú¹¤³Ìʦ¶Å±ÈÌØÌá³ö¡£¶Å±ÈÌØÔÚ 1844Äê·¢±íµÄ¡°¹«¹²¹¤³ÌÏîĿЧÓõĶÈÁ¿¡±ÂÛÎÄÖУ¬Ìá³öÏû·ÑÕßÊ£ÓàµÄ¸ÅÄ×÷Ϊ¶Ô¹«¹²ÏîÄ¿µÄ¸£Àû¹±Ï×½øÐÐÆÀ¼ÛµÄºâÁ¿±ê×¼¡£µ«ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄʵ¼ùÊÇÔÚ1936 ÄêÃÀ¹ú¹ú»áͨ¹ýµÄ¡¶¿ØÖƺéË®·¨°¸¡·Ö®ºóÖð²½Õ¹¿ª¡£·¨°¸¹æ¶¨ÊµÊ©ºéË®¿ØÖÆÏîÄ¿±ØÐë×ñÑ­ÏîÄ¿µÄÐ§Òæ³¬¹ýÆä³É±¾µÄÔ­Ôò£¬µ«Ã»ÓÐÌá³öÒ»Ì×ÈçºÎ¼ÆËãºÍ±È½ÏÏîÄ¿µÄ·ÑÓÃÐ§ÒæµÄ¾ßÌå·½·¨¡£Ëæºó£¬ÃÀ¹úÖð½¥½«ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÄÚÈݺͳÌÐòÓèÒÔ±ê×¼»¯£¬²¢Öð²½À©Õ¹µ½ÆäËüÁìÓòµÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÖÐÈ¥¡£µ«ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û»ù±¾¹¹¼ÜµÄÐγɣ¬ÔòÊÇÔÚÉÏÊÀ¼Í60Äê´ú³õÆÚ¡£Ëæ×ž­¼ÃѧÑо¿ÄÚÈݵIJ»¶ÏÉ£¬ÓÈÆäÊǿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹¼°ÈË¿Ú×ÊÔ´»·¾³¾­¼ÃѧµÄÐËÆð£¬ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÄÚÈݲ»¶ÏµÃÒÔ·¢Õ¹¡£ 2.Ͷ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ·¢Õ¹

¹ú¼ÊÉÏÏÖ´úͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ·¢Õ¹Àú³Ì´óÖ¾­ÀúËĸö½×¶Î¡£

µÚÒ»½×¶Î£º¡°ÍêÈ«¾ºÕù¡±Ìõ¼þϵÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û¡£¸Ã½×¶ÎÒÔ 20 ÊÀ¼Í 30 Äê´ú¾­¼Ã´óÏôÌõÒÔǰΪ½ç¡£ÔÚ´ËÆÚ¼ä£¬×ÔÓÉ·ÅÈεÄѧ˵֧Åä×ÅÎ÷·½Êг¡¾­¼Ã¹ú¼Ò£¬ÌرðÊÇÓ¢ÃÀ¡£ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û´ÓÊôÓÚ´«Í³¾­¼ÃѧµÄÑо¿·¶³ë£¬Ç¿µ÷ÀûÈ󶯻úÐÐΪ¡£ÓÉÓÚËù¼Ù¶¨µÄ¾­¼Ã»·¾³ÎªÔÚÕþ¸®×ÔÓÉ·ÅÈÎÕþ²ßϵÄÍêÈ«¾ºÕù£¬Í¶×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ·¢Õ¹Í£ÁôÓÚÈçϹ±Ï×£º¢ÙÉç»á¾»È¨Òæ¸ÅÄîµÄµ®Éú¡£1844 Äê·¨¹ú¹¤³Ìʦ¶Å±ÈÌØ£¨J. Dupuit£©·¢±íÁË¡¶ÂÛ¹«¹²¹¤³ÌЧÓõĶÈÁ¿¡·£¬Ê×ÏÈÌá³öÏû·ÑÕßÊ£ÓàµÄ˼Ï룬²¢×÷³ö¹ØÓÚÏû·ÑÕßÊ£ÓàµÄ¼¸ºÎ½âÊÍ¡£ËûÖ¸³ö£¬Í¶×ÊÏîÄ¿µÄ²ú³ö³ËÉÏÆä¼Û¸ñµÈÓÚÏû·ÑÕßµÄʵ¼ÊÖ§¸¶Á¿£¬ÕâÊÇͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿µÄ×îµÍÉç»áÊÕÒæ£»Í¶×ÊÏîÄ¿µÄÈ«²¿Éç»áÊÕÒæÔòµÈÓÚÏû·ÑÕßµÄÖ§¸¶ÒâÔ¸£¨Willingness to Pay£¬WTP£©¡£Ö§¸¶ÒâÔ¸Óëʵ¼ÊÖ§¸¶Á¿Ö®²î¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´ºâÁ¿ËùνµÄÏû·ÑÕßÊ£Óà¡£ÕâÒ»ÀíÂÛÖ±½Óµ¼ÖÂÁË×÷Ϊ·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎö»ù´¡µÄÉç»á¾»ÊÕÒæ¸ÅÄîµÄµ®Éú£»¢Ú¸£Àû¾­¼ÃµÄµ®Éú¡£20 ÊÀ¼Í30Äê´ú֮ǰ£¬¾­¼ÃѧÕßÒ»°ãÖ»×¢ÖØË½ÓÐÆóÒµÐÐΪµÄÑо¿£¬ÈÏΪһ¸öºÃµÄÕþ¸®µÄÖ÷ÒªÈÎÎñ½öÏÞÓÚά»¤·¨ÂɺÍÉç»áÖÈÐò£¬ÒÔ¼°ÌṩÉÙÊý²»¿ÉȱÉٵĹ«¹²ÉèÊ©ºÍ·þÎñ£¬¶øºöÂÔÁ˹«¹²Ñ¡ÔñÓëÕþ¸®ÖÎÀíÐÐΪµÄÑо¿¡£µ«ÒÔÅÁÀÛÍÐΪ´ú±íµÄ¸£Àû¾­¼Ãѧ˼ÏëÃÖ²¹ÁË´«Í³¾­¼ÃѧÑо¿µÄÕâһȱÏÝ¡£ÅÁÀÛÍÐ×îÓÅ״̬ÕýÊÇÔÚÍêÈ«¾ºÕùµÄ¼ÙÉèÌõ¼þÏ£¬¸öÌåÐÐΪÓëÕþ¸®¡¢¹«¹²ÐÐΪµÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔËùµ¼ÖµĸöÌå¼°¹«¹²ÐÐΪµÄ×î¼Ñ״̬¡£Õâһ˼ÏëÇ¿µ÷¹«¹²ÀûÒæÓë˽ÈËÀûÒæµÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔ£¬Ò²¾ÍûÓбØÒª´Ó×·Ç󹫹²ÀûÒæµÄ½Ç¶È¶ÔͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿½øÐÐÌØÊâµÄ·ÖÎöÆÀ¼Û£¬´Ó¶øÊ¹µÃͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÔÚÕþ¸®Ó빫¹²Í¶×ÊÖеÄ×÷ÓÃÓëµØÎ»µÃÒÔÈõ»¯¡£

µÚ¶þ½×¶Î£ºÍ¶×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄʵ¼ùºÍ̽Ë÷½×¶Î¡£ÔÚ¾­¼Ã´óÏôÌõµÄÄê´úÀÐÎÊÆ·¢ÉúÁËÖØ´ó±ä»¯¡£Ëæ×ÅÊг¡¾­¼Ã¹ú¼Ò×ÔÓÉ·ÅÈÎÌåϵµÄ±ÀÀ££¬Ò»Ð©Õþ¸®ÌرðÊÇÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®£¬ÔËÓÃеIJÆÕþÕþ²ß¡¢»õ±ÒÕþ²ßºÍ¹«¹²½¨É蹤³ÌÀ´Íì¾ÈÏôÌõµÄ¾­¼Ã¡£ÕâÀà¶ÌÆÚµÄ´ëÊ©³ÉΪÆäºóºê¹Û¾­¼Ã¹ÜÀíµÄ³£¹æÊֶΣ¬²¢È¡µÃ³ÉЧ¡£ÔÚµÚ¶þ´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½ÆÚ¼ä¸÷¹úÕþ¸®ÎªÁ˾üʶ¯Ô±£¬ÔÚÕ½ºóÆÚ¼äÓÖΪÁ˹úÃñ¾­¼ÃµÄÖØ½¨ºÍ»Ö¸´£¬¶¼ÔËÓø÷ÖÖÕþ²ßºÍÐж¯¸ÉÉæºÍ¿ØÖÆÎ¢¹Û¾­¼Ã»î¶¯£¬ÒÔ¶¯Ô±ÈËÁ¦ºÍÎïÁ¦ÊµÏÖ¹ú¼Ò¹æ¶¨µÄÄ¿±ê¡£Ëæ×Ÿ÷¹úÕþ¸®¹ÜÀí¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄ¾­Ñé»ýÀÛºÍÈËÃñÒªÇó¸ÄÉÆÉú»îµÄÔ¸Íû¼ÓÇ¿£¬Õþ¸®¸É

Ô¤Éç»á¾­¼ÃµÄÐèÒªºÍ×÷ÓÃÖð½¥ÔöÇ¿¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚÅ·ÖÞÌá³öÁËʵʩ¡°¸£Àû¹ú¼Ò¡±ºÍ¡°³ä·Ö¾ÍÒµ¼Æ»®¡±µÄÖ÷Õź͸ÙÁ죬ÔÚÃÀ¹úÔòÓС°Î°´óÉç»á¡±µÄ·½°¸¡£ÆäÖÐÔڼӴ󹫹²ÏîĿͶ×ʺÍÐ˰ì»ù´¡ÉèÊ©ÖгöÏÖÁË×î³õµÄͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û·½·¨£¬´Ó¶ø²úÉúÏÖ´úÒâÒåÉϵÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÀíÂۺͷ½·¨Ìåϵ³õ²½¼Ü¹¹¡£ÀýÈ磬1936ÄêÃÀ¹úΪÁËÓÐЧ¿ØÖƺéË®¶ø´óÐËË®Àû¹¤³Ì²¢°ä²¼¡¶È«¹úºéË®¿ØÖÆ·¨°¸¡·[1]£¬¸Ã·¨Õýʽ¹æ¶¨ÔËÓ÷ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎö·½·¨ÆÀ¼ÛºéË®¿ØÖƺÍË®Óò×ÊÔ´¿ª·¢ÏîÄ¿£¬²¢Ìá³öÖ»Óе±Ò»¸öÏîÄ¿²úÉúµÄÐ§Òæ£¨²»ÂÛÊÜÒæÈËÊÇË­£©´óÓÚÆäͶÈë·ÑÓÃʱ¸ÃÏîÄ¿²ÅÄܱ»ÈÏΪÊÇ¿ÉÐеģ¬Õâ³ÉΪÏîÄ¿·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎöµÄÒ»Ïî»ù±¾Ô­Ôò¡£´ËºóÃÀ¹ú¹«²¼µÄһϵÁз¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ£¬¶ÔÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ¹æ¶¨Öð²½¾ßÌ廯¡£ÁíÍ⣬µ±Ê±µÄÓ¢¹ú¡¢¼ÓÄôóµÈ¹ú¼ÒÕþ¸®Ò²Ïà¼Ì¾ÍͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÌá³ö¾ßÌåÒªÇó¡£

¸Ã½×¶ÎͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ·¢Õ¹Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚ£º¢ÙÊг¡¾­¼Ã¹ú¼Ò¹ã·ºÖØÊÓÏîĿͶ×ʵķÑÓÃÓëÐ§Òæ£¨Ð§¹û£©µÄ¶Ô±È·ÖÎö£¬×î¾ß´ú±íµÄÊÇÃÀ¹úÔÚ1936Äêͨ¹ýµÄ¡¶ºéË®¿ØÖÆ·¨°¸¡·£¬¿ª´´ÁËÔËÓ÷ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·½·¨¶ÔͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿½øÐзÖÎöÆÀ¼ÛµÄÀúÊ·£»¢ÚǰËÕÁªµÈÉç»áÖ÷Òå¹ú¼ÒÒÔÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷ÒåÕþÖξ­¼ÃѧԭÀíΪÒÀ¾Ý£¬¿ªÕ¹ÓбðÓÚÎ÷·½Êг¡¾­¼Ã¹ú¼ÒµÄ»ù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ÊЧ¹ûÑо¿¡£¶í¹úʮԸïÃüʤÀûºó£¬¿ªÊ¼ÁËÒÔ¹ú¼Ò¼Æ»®µ÷Åä×ÊÔ´µÄʵ¼ù£¬Õû¸öÉç»áÑϸñ°´ÕÕÈ«¹úͳһ¼Æ»®½øÐÐͶ×ʽ¨É衣ΪÂú×ã¼Æ»®¾­¼ÃÌõ¼þ϶Իù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ÊЧ¹û½øÐÐÆÀ¼ÛµÄÐèÒª£¬ËÕÁª¾­¼Ãѧ¼ÒÊ×ÏÈÌá³ö·´Ó³»ù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ÊЧ¹ûµÄһϵÁÐÆÀ¼ÛÖ¸±ê£¬ÒªÇó¹úÃñ¾­¼Ã¸÷²¿ÃűØÐë²ÉÓÃͳһµÄ¶¨¶îЧ¹ûϵÊý£¬¸ù¾ÝͶ×ÊЧ¹ûϵÊýÈ·¶¨ÏîÄ¿¹æÄ£ºÍ·½°¸±ÈÑ¡£¬ÕâЩ·ÖÎö·½·¨³ÉΪ¶þÕ½Ö®ºóÐÂÉúÉç»áÖ÷Òå¹ú¼ÒЧ·ÂµÄ¡°Ñù°å¡±¡£ [1] [ÃÀ]¡¶È«¹úºéË®¿ØÖÆ·¨°¸¡·£¬Flood Control Act, 1936, 74th CONGRESS. SESS. II. CHS. 651-688. JUNE 20,1936¡£ µÚÈý½×¶Î£ºÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÀíÂ۵ĵ®ÉúÓëÐγɽ׶Ρ£ÏÖ´úͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄϵͳ·½·¨ÐγÉÓÚ20ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´úÄ©ÆÚ¡£µÚ¶þ´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½Ö®ºó£¬Ðí¶àÑÇ·ÇÀ­¹ú¼ÒÏà¼Ì¶ÀÁ¢³ÉΪÐÂÐË·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¬ÃæÁÙ»Ö¸´ÓëÖØ½¨µÄ¼è¾ÞÈÎÎñ£¬Ò»Ð©Î÷·½·¢Õ¹¾­¼Ãѧ¼ÒÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÑо¿·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÀíÂۺͷ½·¨¡£ÈçÓ¢¹úÅ£½ò´óѧµÄÀïÌØ¶û½ÌÊÚºÍÃ×¶ûÀï˹½ÌÊÚÓÚ1968ÄêºÏ×÷³ö°æ¡¶·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¹¤ÒµÏîÄ¿·ÖÎöÊֲᡷ[2]Ò»Ê飬Ê״βûÊöÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ»ù±¾Ô­ÀíºÍ·½·¨¡£ËæºóÔÚ1975ÄêÊÀ½çÒøÐеľ­¼Ãר¼Ò¶÷¿ä¶ûµÈ¹²Í¬±àÖø³ö°æ¡¶ÏîÄ¿¾­¼Ã·ÖÎö¡·Ò»Ê飬¶ÔͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ³ÌÐòºÍ·½·¨½øÐÐϵͳÂÛÊö¡£½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄ1980ÄêÁªºÏ¹ú¹¤Òµ·¢Õ¹×éÖ¯Óë°¢À­²®¹¤Òµ·¢Õ¹ÖÐÐÄÁªºÏ±àÖø³ö°æ¡¶¹¤ÒµÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÊֲᡷ¡£ÕâÐ©Öø×÷µÄ³ö°æ±êÖ¾×ÅÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÔ­ÀíºÍ·½·¨ÔÚ²»¶ÏµØ³ÉÊìºÍ·¢Õ¹²¢±»¹ã·ºµØÓ¦Óá£Îª½¨Á¢¹ú¼Ê¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄÐÂÖÈÐò£¬ÊÀ½çÒøÐС¢¹ú¼Ê»õ±Ò»ù½ð×éÖ¯£¨IMF£©ºÍ¹ØÃ³×ÜЭ¶¨£¨GATT£©Ïà¼Ì³ÉÁ¢£¬²¢Ö±½Ó²ÎÓëÕ½ºó¹ú¼Ê¾­¼ÃµÄÖØ½¨Ó븴ÐË¡£Î÷·½Êг¡¾­¼Ã¹ú¼ÒÑÓÐø×Ô20ÊÀ¼Í30Äê´úÏôÌõºóËù·îÐеĿ­¶÷˹Ö÷ÒåµÄÕþ¸®¸ÉÔ¤¾­¼ÃÕþ²ß£¬Éç»áÖ÷ÒåÕóÓª¹ú¼ÒÔòЧ·ÂËÕÁªµÄÖÐÑ뼯Ȩ¼Æ»®¾­¼Ãģʽ£¬Õû¸öÊÀ½ç±íÏÖΪÕþ¸®Ö°ÄܵÄÇ¿»¯£¬Ê¹µÃ´Ó¹«¹²ÀûÒæµÄ½Ç¶ÈËù½øÐеÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÔÚ¸÷¹úͶ×ʼƻ®Ó뽨Éèʵ¼ùÖеõ½³ä·ÖÌåÏÖ¡£

[2] Little ºÍ Mirrlees£¬¾­¼ÃºÏ×÷ºÍ·¢Õ¹×éÖ¯ OECD£¬1968¡£ ÒÔǰËÕÁªÎª´ú±íµÄÉç»áÖ÷Òå¹ú¼ÒÒÔÂí¿Ë˼ÔÙÉú²úÀíÂÛΪָµ¼£¬ÒÔ»ýÀÛÓëÏû·Ñ±ÈÀýΪǰÌᣬ¶Ô»ù±¾½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û½øÐÐÁ˶ÀÌØµÄÑо¿£¬Ö÷Òª³É¹ûΪ£º£¨1£©1953Äê°¢¡¤ÒÀ¡¤ÅµÌؾ©µÄ¡¶ËÕÁª¹¤Òµ»ù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ʾ­¼ÃЧ¹ûµÄÈ·¶¨ÎÊÌâ¡·Ò»Êé³ö°æ£¬Ã÷È·Ö¸³ö»ù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ÊЧ¹ûµÄ±ê×¼ÊÇÔÚÀ©´óÉú²úµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ×î´óÏ޶ȵØÂú×ã¹úÃñ¾­¼ÃÐèÒªºÍ¾¡¿ÉÄÜ¶àµØ½ÚÔ¼µ¥Î»²úÆ·µÄÉç»áÀͶ¯·ÑÓ㻣¨2£©1956Äê³ö°æ¡¶Íƹãм¼ÊõЧ¹ûÁÙʱ±ê׼ȷ¶¨·½·¨¡·£»£¨3£©1960ÄêÖÆ¶¨¡¶»ù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ʺÍм¼Êõ¾­

¼ÃЧ¹û±ê׼ȷ¶¨·½·¨¡·£¬Ê¹»ù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ÊЧ¹ûµÄÈ·¶¨¹¤×÷½øÒ»²½Ìåϵ»¯¡£ÔÚ´ËÖ®ºó£¬Î§ÈÆÍ¶×ÊЧ¹ûϵÊý¶¨¶îÖ¸±ê½øÐÐÉîÈëÑо¿£¬ÐγÉÁË·Ö²¿Ãŵ͍¶îÖ¸±êÈ·¶¨·½·¨£¬ÒÔʵÏÖ»ù±¾½¨ÉèͶ×ʵÄ×îÓżƻ®¡£ÕâÌ×ÀíÂÛ·½·¨ÌåϵËäÈ»ÓëÎ÷·½Êг¡¾­¼Ã¹ú¼ÒµÄ˼άÌåϵ´æÔںܴó²îÒ죬µ«ÔÚµ±Ê±µÄÉç»áÖ÷ÒåÕóÓªºÜ¾ßÓ°ÏìÁ¦¡£ ÔÚ´ËÆÚ¼ä£¬Î÷·½Êг¡¾­¼Ã¹ú¼ÒºÍ¹ú¼Ê×éÖ¯ÔòÔÚ²»¶ÏµØÍêÉÆÒÔ·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎöΪºËÐĵÄÏÖ´úÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û·½·¨£¬²»½öÔÚÕþ¸®Í¶×ʵĹ«¹²²¿ÃÅÆÕ±é²ÉÓ㬶øÇÒÔÚ¹¤Òµ¡¢Å©ÒµºÍÆäËû¾­¼Ã²¿Ãŵõ½Íƹ㣬²¢ÓÉÃÀ¹ú£¨IMFÖÐ×î´ó·Ý¶î³ÖÓÐÕߣ©ÏòÅ·Ö޺Ͳ¿·Ö·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÍÆ½ø£¬´Ó¶øµ®ÉúÁËÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ¹æ·¶Ìåϵ¡£ÊÀ½çÒøÐС¢¾­ºÏ×éÖ¯¡¢¹¤·¢×éÖ¯¡¢µØÇøÐÔÒøÐÐÓëÆäËû¾­¼Ã×éÖ¯ÒÔ¼°ºÜ¶à¹ú¼Ò¶¼±àÖÆ³ö¸÷×ÔµÄͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÊÖ²á»òÖ¸ÄÏ¡£±í1£­1ÁÐʾÁ˲¿·Ö»ú¹¹ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ·½·¨Ìåϵ£¬Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨»ùÓÚÓ°×Ó¼Û¸ñµÄ¼Û¸ñ·½·¨ºÍ»ùÓÚÏîÄ¿¶Ô¹úÃñ¾­¼ÃµÄÓ°Ïì·ÖÎöµÄÓ°Ïì·½·¨Á½´óÅɱ𡣠±í1£­1 Î÷·½ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û·½·¨µÄ·ÖÀà Ìåϵ ·½·¨ OECD·¨ ×÷Õß´ú±í×÷ L-M¡¶Êֲᡷ[3] L-M¡¶¹æ»®¡·[4] S-VT[5] ·¢±íÄê·Ý ²ÉÓõļ۸ñÌåϵ 1968 1974 ÊÀ½ç¼Û¸ñºÍ»ãÂÊ WB·¨ Ó°×Ó¼Û¸ñÌåϵ UNIDO-IDCAS·¨ UNIDO-IDCAS·¨ Ó°ÏìÌåϵ ·¨¹úEM·¨ Dasgupta¡¶×¼Ôò¡·[6] 1972 Hansen¡¶Ö¸ÄÏ¡·[7] 1978 1975 ¾­¼ÃÔö³¤ÓëÊÕÈë·ÖÅä ¹úÄÚ¼Û¸ñºÍ±ê×¼ÀÛ¼Æ×ÜÏû·Ñ ת»»ÏµÊý ÊÕÈë·ÖÅäÄ¿±ê ¶ÔÉç»á×ܲúÖµµÄ¹±Ï× ¹úÃñÊÕÈëÔöÁ¿ ÆÀ¼ÛÄÚÈÝ ÏîÄ¿¶Ô¹úÃñÊÕÈë»ýÀ۵űÏ× ×¨¼Ò¼¶¡¶Êֲᡷ[8] 1977,1980 ¹úÄÚÊг¡¼Û¸ñ MarcCherveletc[9] 1976 ¹úÄÚÊг¡¼Û¸ñ [3] Little & Mirrlees, Manual of industrial Project Analysis in Developing countries, OECD, 1968.

[4] Little & Mirrlees, Project Appraisal & Planning for Developing countries, OECD, 1974. [5] Squire &ª¤van der Tak, Economic Analysis of Projects, World Bank, 1975.

[6] Dasguptaetc, Gurdelines for Project Evaluation, UNIDO, 1972. [7] Hasen, Guide to Practical Projectª¤Appraisal, UNIDO, 1978. [8] UNIDO£­IDCAS, Manual for Evaluation ofª¤ Industrial Projects, UNIDO, 1980.

[9]

Marc Chervelª¤&ª¤Michelle Gall, The Methodology of Planningª¤Manual of Economic Evaluation ofª¤Projects: The Effects Method, 1976.

µÚËĽ׶ΣºÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û·½·¨µÄ½øÒ»²½·¢Õ¹¡£´Ó±¾ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´úÖкóÆÚ¿ªÊ¼£¬ÓÉÓÚÅ·ÖÞÓëÈÕ±¾¾­¼ÃµÄ¸´ÐË£¬ÊÀ½ç¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÐγÉÁË·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÓë·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÁ½¼«·Ö»¯µÄ¸ñ¾Ö¡£¹ã´ó·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Òͨ¹ý¹ú¼ÊÔ®ÖúºÍ×ÔÉí·¢Õ¹£¬ËäÈ»ÔÚ¾­¼ÃÔö³¤·½ÃæÈ¡µÃÁËÒ»¶¨³ÉЧ£¬µ«²¢Ã»ÓдﵽԤÆÚЧ¹û£¬ÓÈÆäÔÚͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿µÄ·ÖÎöÆÀ¼ÛºÍ¾ßÌåʵʩ·½Ãæ¸üÊÇÈç´Ë¡£¶Ô·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ·¢Õ¹ÎÊÌâºÍÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÀíÂÛ·½·¨µÄ½øÒ»²½Ñо¿£¬³ÉΪÐí¶à·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¼°·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¾­¼ÃѧÕßËù¹Ø×¢µÄÖØÒªÁìÓò¡£Ò»·½Ã棬·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¾­¼ÃѧÕß´´Á¢¡°·¢Õ¹¾­¼Ãѧ¡±£¬²¢½«ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÁÐΪ·¢Õ¹¾­¼ÃѧÖеÄʵ֤Ñо¿ÄÚÈÝ£¬Ê¹Ïî

Ä¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÀíÂÛ·½·¨Ìåϵ¸ü¼Ó·á¸»£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÊÀ½çÒøÐÐÌá³ö¶Ô·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÓ¦½øÐÐÌØÊâ´¦Àí£¬ÈÏΪ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¾­¼ÃÉç»á·¢Õ¹Ë®Æ½½ÏµÍ£¬Öƶȡ¢Êг¡ÎÊÌâÍ»³ö£¬×ʱ¾¶ÌȱÑÏÖØ£¬ËùÃæÁٵķ¢Õ¹Ä¿±ê¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò¶øÍ¶×ÊÏîÄ¿µÄÑ¡ÔñÓ¦Óë¹ú¼Ò»òÇøÓò¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹Ä¿±êÏà½áºÏ£¬¼æ¹Ë¹«Æ½·ÖÅäµÈ¶àÖØÄ¿±ê£¬²¢¼ÓÇ¿ÏîÄ¿ÖÜÆÚÈ«¹ý³ÌµÄ¹ÜÀí¡£

½øÈë20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´úºóÆÚ£¬ÓÉÓÚ¾­¼Ãѧ¼°ÆäËü¿ÆÑ§µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÀíÂÛ·½·¨²»¶ÏÎüÊÕÆäËûÁìÓòµÄ×îÐÂÑо¿³É¹û£¬ÈçͶÈë-²ú³ö·ÖÎö¡¢¹úÃñÊÕÈëºËËãÌåϵ¡¢ÏµÍ³·ÖÎö·½·¨¼°ÆäËûÊýÁ¿¾­¼Ã·ÖÎöÀíÂÛ·½·¨£¬ÎªÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÌṩÁËÓÐЧµÄ·ÖÎö¹¤¾ß£¬²¢½èÖúÆäËûѧ¿ÆµÄһЩԭÔò¡¢Ô­ÀíºÍ·½·¨£¬ÈçÉç»áѧ¡¢ÐÄÀíѧ¡¢ÕþÖÎѧ¡¢Êýѧ¡¢¹«¹²¹ÜÀíѧºÍһЩ×ÔÈ»¿ÆÑ§£¬Ê¹ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÔ½À´Ô½³ÉΪ¿çѧ¿ÆµÄÑо¿ÁìÓò¡£ ½øÈë20ÊÀ¼Í80Äê´ú£¬ÈËÀàÉç»á½øÈë֪ʶ¾­¼ÃºÍÐÅϢʱ´ú£¬Õû¸öÉç»á´´Ôì²Æ¸»ºÍ¸£ÀûµÄÊÖ¶ÎÔ½À´Ô½ÒÐÖØÓÚ¸÷ÖÖÒÔÏîÄ¿ÐÎʽ³öÏֵĿª·¢Ó봴л£¬Ê¹µÃÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û¹¤×÷Ô½À´Ô½Êܵ½¸÷¹úÕþ¸®ºÍÆóÒµ£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÕþ¸®ºÍÆóÒµµÄÖØÊÓ£¬´Ó¶øÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÀíÂÛ·½·¨ÔÚÈ«ÊÀ½ç»ñµÃ¼«´óµÄÓ¦ÓúÍÍÆ¹ã£¬ÏîÄ¿²ÎÓë¸÷·½´Ó¸÷×Ô²»Í¬µÄ½Ç¶È¿ªÕ¹ÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û£¬Îª¸÷×ÔËù²ÉÈ¡µÄÐж¯ÌṩÒÀ¾Ý¡£ 3.ÊÀÐС¢ÑÇÐÐºÍ UNIDO µÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÌåϵ

¸÷¹ú¼Ê×éÖ¯ÔÚÑо¿ºÍÍÆ¹ãÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄÀíÂÛ·½·¨·½ÃæÒ»Ö±°çÑÝ×ŷdz£ÖØÒªµÄ½ÇÉ«¡£ÊÀ½çÒøÐеÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÖ÷Òª°üÀ¨Îå¸ö·½ÃæµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬¼´´û¿îÏîÄ¿µÄ¼¼Êõ¡¢¾­¼Ã¡¢²ÆÎñ¡¢»ú¹¹¡¢Éç»áºÍ»·¾³¿ÉÐÐÐÔÆÀ¼Û£¬¶øÇÒ¶Ô¸÷¸öרÌâÆÀ¼ÛµÄÄÚÈݸ÷ÓвàÖØ£¬ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ˳ÐòÒÀ´ÎΪ£ºÉç»áÆÀ¼Û¡¢Éú̬»·¾³ÆÀ¼Û¡¢¾­¼ÃÓë²ÆÎñÆÀ¼Û¡¢¹ÜÀí»ú¹¹ÆÀ¼Û¡¢¼¼ÊõÆÀ¼Û¡£ÑÇÖÞ¿ª·¢ÒøÐÐÔÚ½è¼øÊÀ½çÒøÐо­ÑéµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬´´½¨ÓÐÍêÕûµÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û¿ò¼ÜÌåϵ£¬ÆÀ¼ÛÄÚÈÝÖ÷񻃾¼°Í¶×ÊÏîÄ¿µÄÉç»áÓ°Ïì¡¢»·¾³Ó°ÏìºÍ¾­¼ÃЧ¹ûµÈÈý¸ö·½Ãæ¡£ÁªºÏ¹ú¹¤Òµ·¢Õ¹×éÖ¯£¨UNIDO£©ÊÇÒÔ´Ù½ø¹ú¼Ò»òÇøÓò¹¤Òµ¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÎªÄ¿±êµÄ×éÖ¯£¬ÆäÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û¾Í²»¿É±ÜÃâµØÒÔÏîÄ¿µÄ¾­¼ÃÐ§Òæ×÷ΪÆÀ¼ÛµÄÖ÷ÒªÄÚÈÝ£¬µ«Ò²²»ºöÊÓ¶Ô¼¼Êõ¡¢»·¾³¡¢Éç»áÓ°ÏìµÈ·½ÃæµÄÆÀ¼Û¡£ 4.»ùÓڿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹ÀíÄîµÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼Û

Ͷ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÊÇ´Ù½ø¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄÔØÌ壻°´ÕտɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄÒªÇóÀ´×é֯ʵʩÏîÄ¿£¬ÊÇÈ·±£¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒªÇ°Ì᣻¹¹½¨»ùÓڿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹ÀíÄîµÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÀíÂÛ·½·¨Ìåϵ£¬ÊÇÒýÁìÏîĿͶ×ʽ¨Éè×ßÏò¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÀ·µÄÖØÒª»ù´¡¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚͶ×ʽ¨ÉèÁìÓò¹á³¹¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹ÀíÄ±ØÐëÖØÊÓ»ùÓڿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄÏîÄ¿ÆÀ¼ÛÀíÂÛ·½·¨¿ò¼ÜÌåϵÑо¿¡£

ΪÁËÌåÏÖ·¢Õ¹¹ÛµÄת±ä£¬ÒªÇóͶ×ÊÏîÄ¿ÔÚÂú×ãÈËÀàÎïÖÊÐèÇóµÄͬʱ£¬»¹ÒªÂú×ãÈËÀàµÄÉú̬ÐèÇóºÍÈËÎÄÐèÇó£¬Í¨¹ýͳ³ï¼æ¹ËÀ´´¦ÀíÏîĿͶ×ʽ¨ÉèÃæÁٵĸ÷ÖÖÎÊÌ⣬²¢ÒªÇó´Ó¾­¼Ã¡¢»·¾³¡¢Éç»áµÈÈý¸ö²ãÃæ¶ÔÏîÄ¿½øÐзÖÎöÆÀ¼Û[10]£¬Ìá³öÏîÄ¿¸Ä½ø´ëÊ©£¬½øÐжàÊӽǵķÖÎöÆÀ¼Û¡£

[10] George, C. Sustainability assessment through integration of environmental assessment with other forms of appraisal: differences in approach for industrial and developing countries in Lee and Kirkpatrick £¨eds£© 2000

´ÓĿǰ¹úÍâµÄÑо¿³É¹û¿´£¬´Ó¾­¼ÃÆÀ¼ÛµÄÓйØÀíÂÛ·½·¨Ó¦Óõ½»·¾³ÆÀ¼ÛÖУ¬Í¨¹ý¾­¼Ã·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎöÀ´¸Ä½ø»·¾³ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ·ÖÎö¿ò¼Ü·½ÃæÒѾ­È¡µÃ½Ï´ó½øÕ¹¡£´Ó¹ú¼ÊÇé¿ö¿´£¬¾­¼Ã·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎö×îÔçÔËÓÃÓÚÃÀ¹úµÄË®Àû²¿ÃÅ£¬1936ÄêÃÀ¹ú¡¶¿ØÖƺéË®·¨°¸¡·¶Ô·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎöÌá³öÇ¿ÖÆÐÔÒªÇó£»1946Ä꣬ÃÀ¹úÁª°îÁ÷ÓòίԱ»áרÃųÉÁ¢¡°·ÑÓÃÐ§Òæ·ÖÎö¡±¹¤×÷×飬¸Ã¹¤×÷×éÓÚ4Äêºó·¢±íµÄ¾ßÓÐÀï³Ì±®ÒâÒåµÄ