考研英语基础语法实例讲解

扎实的语法功底对于考研解题是很重要的.据总结,最令大多数考研学生头疼的基础语法现象主要有以下几项:英语的基本句式,形容词性(定语)从句,名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句),副词性(状语)从句,As 的用法.下面将对以上语法点详解,并通过练习进一步强化对它们的掌握. 一,

英语的基本句式 (一)英语句子的主要成分

英语句子主要由主语,谓语,宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),定语,状语,补语(主语补语和宾语补语),表语(主语补语的一种),同位语,感叹语,插入语等构成. (二)英语的五大句式 一)主 + 系 + 表语 例如:

You are a baby. 系动词:

联系动词(Link Verb)是一种表示谓语关系的动词,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况,性质,特征等情况.系动词可以是be动词,也可以是某些实义动词. 例如:

The dog looks dangerous. 五大类常见系动词:

1)be动词--用来表示主语状态. 例如:

He is a teacher.

2)\持续类\用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度. 这类系动词主要有: 例如:

I am sorry to have kept you waiting. This matter rests a mystery.

3)\表象类\用来表示\看起来像\这一概念 这类系动词主要有: 例如:

He seems (to be) very sad. 4)\感官类\用来表示\感觉\触觉\等 这类系动词主要有: 例1:

It sounds reasonable. 例2:

-Do you like this sweater

-Yes, it __________ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt

5)\变化类\这些系动词表示主语变成什么样 这类系动词主要有: 例如:

It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray. The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. 二) 主语+不及物动词+(状语) 例如:

He changed a lot. You cried loudly. 注意:该句型可接状语.

当一句话中存在多个状语时,状语的排列顺序一般为:地点/方式/目的/原因/时间/(never等频度副词置于句中,实义动词前,系动词,情态动词等助动词后). 例如:

President Nixon came to China by a special plane for an official visit at the invitation of China's government in 1972 after there had been about 40 years of separation between the two governments. 三) 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 例如: I love you

注意:当宾语为动词意义时,用to do形式或者doing形式.英语中只有少部分动词接doing形式,其余均接to do形式;还有一些既可接to do形式又可接doing形式,没有什么区别;但有些接to do形式或doing形式意义有区别,应区别记忆.

1)下列动词常以doing形式作宾语:

2)下列动词可接to do形式或doing形式作宾语:

3)下列动词可接to do形式或doing形式作宾语,但意义不同: 四) 主+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 例如:

I will give you a book. =I will give a book to you. My mother made me a new dress. 可以带双宾语的动词主要有: 买卖关系: buy, pay, cost

给予关系: give, grant ,pass, offer, bring, send 借还关系: lend, return, owe

说服关系: tell, persuade

命名选举关系:name, call, elect, select 其他关系:wish, envy, make

注意:直接宾语与间接宾语对调时,应加适当的介词: 1) 等 + to 2) 等 + for 3) + of 4) +on

五) 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补(补充说明宾语状态) 例如:I will make you happy 注意:

1)以名词为宾语补足语的动词主要有:

若补语是指\一个人可以担任的职位\时,便应省略冠词. 例如:

比较They elected him Present. He made her a servant.

2)以不定式为宾语补足语,如果谓语动是感官动词或使役动词,to应省略;但变被动语态时应补上 to. 例如:I often see him help others. 3)现在分词或过去分词也可为宾语补足语: 例如:I found the man stealing the money. He can't make himself understood. I heard my name called. 二,英语的三大类从句

从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子.在英语中,主要有三大类从句,即形容词性从句(定语从句),名词性从句(包括主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句),副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,让步,方式,比较等). (一)定语从句

说到定语从句,大家都不感到陌生,它是考研题中经常见到的一类从句.例如2006年考研真题的完形填空题中:

Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. 下面我们来仔细剖析一下这类从句及其用法. 一)有关定语从句的基本概念

1. 定语从句(Attributive Clause)是一个具有完整的主谓结构,并在主句中担任定语的从句,它通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后.

2. 先行词(Antecedent)是指被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,它通常位于定语从句之前.例如:

Time and time again there are serious accidents that pollute the air. Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police. 注:

1. 先行词并不一定都是\词\它除了由名词或代词充当外,还可以由下列成分充当: 1)一个短语 例如:

Many life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. (1995)

2)一个分句 例如:

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (2004) 3)一个完整的句子 例如:

I was late for school this morning, which made my teacher very angry. 2. 如何确定先行词

要想正确找到先行词,首先要理解定语从句的意思,然后根据从句的意思来找在其之前并能与其构成逻辑语义联系的先行词. 例如:

For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of ____that came from being a loyal employee. (1997) A. excitement B. conviction C. confidence D. importance

3. 关系词(relative word)是指引导定语从句的连词.

关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等;关系副词有when, where, why等.关系词不仅在主句和分句间起连接作用,而且还代表先行词在定语从句中担任一定的句子成分;关系代词作主语,宾语,定语,表语等,关系副词作状语.关系代词或关系副词的选用,取决于先行词的意义.先行词表人,则用who或that;表物则用which或that;表时间则用when;表地方则用where;表原因则用why(先行词只可用reason).关系代词的格则取决于它在从句中的地位. 例如:

This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. The time when he arrives is not known.

The fire also destroyed cars which belonged to people who worked in the building. 二)定语从句的种类及关系词的用法:

1. 限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clause):