may carry our their desires. They build what they wish.Our culture is a man-cosmos relationship. We are apt to be in a balanced relations or harmony with the heaven and earth.

4. Stereotypes and prejudices: Stereotypes are attitudinal sets in which we assign attributes to another person sole on the basis of the class or category to which that person belongs. Stereotyping might lead us to believe, for example, that all Irish are quick-minded and red-headed; that all Japanese are short, buck-toothed, and sly; that all Jews are shrewd and grasping. Prejudices are attitudinal sets that predispose us to behave in certain ways toward people solely on the basis of their membership in some group.

5. status: the social position we occupy 6. pattern of thought: form of reasoning 7. roles: the social part one is supposed to play 8.use of space:distance in interpersonal communication 9.time conceptualization: different culture has different perception about being punctual 10. Norm; the rule to regulate behavior

IV. Chinese Culture

What do we know about us?

-Confucius and Laozi were the most influential to the Chinese culture

1.Confucius:

1)仁、义、礼、智、信

Among them, the most influential are the

仁、礼。仁是做人标准，礼是人们社会行为的规范，他规定社会成员的权利和义务，相应的行为，从而达到社会的和合。

仁：二人为仁，从人从二，人我关系，一人独自难以为仁，一个人必须把自己纳入集体，纳入大家，和集体融为一体。仁是爱人，爱大家，爱家族。仁者人也。仁表现了理想的人格，同时也表示出孔子理想的人际关系和最高的交际行为准则。实现和维系和合的社会关系。

礼：伦理，伦即辈分，理即这种等级次序所遵循的规律，强调等级差别，因此中国社会结构为差序格局(Hierarchy)。与其相对应的社会关系和人际关系是“父子有亲，君臣有义，夫妇有别，长幼有序，朋友有信”， 此“五伦”不仅构成了人们普遍遵守的道德标准，也成了人际关系的基本准则。孔子：“非礼勿言，非礼勿视，非礼勿听” 2)讷言：孔子主张慎言、寡言和戒言。 “君子欲讷于言，而敏于行”， “言寡尤，行寡悔”，“刚、毅、木、讷近仁”， “一言败之，惜

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也” 3）“人之初，性本善”，鼓励人人学仁，只要人人有了仁，就不需要法律来制约，人要自律 The Master said, “If the will be set on virtue, there will be no practice of wickedness.” 4)中庸之道(the golden mean): not to go to extremes, moderate,枪打出头鸟，

2.Taoism：无为，讷言，与世无争 “道the right way生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”：宇宙间先有道，之后有天地或阴阳，之后是天地人，然后生成万物 “不争而善胜，不言而善应，不召而自来”，对老子来讲，言和辩属于“有”和“为”的范畴，是矛盾的根源。为了实现和维系和合的社会秩序，人们应无为而治， 应“不言不辩养太平” “知者不言，言者不知”， “多言数穷，不如守中” “处无为之事，行不言之教”， “信言不美，美言不信” 鲁迅“老子比孔子更木，木得好象一段木头。”

Tao Te Ching: Literally, \important text in Taoism which emphasizes living according to the Tao, the virtuous power (te) we attain from the Tao, the return of everything to Tao, and the principles of non-action, non-mind. Taoism: Chinese movement originating in the warring states period which advocates following the Tao and living in harmony with nature; \Taoism\

Taoist philosophy states that human life is conditioned and unfree and only when man recognizes this limitation and makes himself dependent upon the harmonious and beneficent forces of the cosmos does he achieve success. Tao holds that truth is most likely to emerge when man waits for it, when he accept it as it comes rather than setting forth along a preconceived path in a predetermined manner to define a preconceived truth. Tao teaches the wisdom of being foolish, the success of failure, the strength of weakness.

庄子

庄子继承老子的无为的宇宙观，更加言语交流，提出“至言去言”，“至为去为”。在他看来，世界万物是“是亦彼也，彼亦是也。”它们之间没有界限。

-中国人在交往中势必奉行：贵和、忠顺、能忍、敬老、重义、守信、护亲、尊师、谦恭、辞让、恕、面子、他人取向、调和、谨慎、压抑私欲、安分守己等规矩

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3. Buddhism: Buddhism also has some influence on our culture. Buddhism does?not stress action; it emphasizes meditation, self-discipline, helping others, benevolence, no killing, peace. It also believes in other life.

English Version about Chinese Culture: 1. Words to describe Chinese and Chinese culture: benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant, modest, other-oriented, tolerant, respectful for the old, meticulous, patient, reserved, partial to relatives, conformity, collectivism

2.Confucius? ideas: benevolence, virtue仁, protocol, rites of propriety礼, hierarchy, human relations伦, position in the family hierarchy辈分 -father-son should be close(benign), monarchy-minister should be loyal, husband-wife should be different in their duties(husband should undertake duties outside home, whereas wife inside home), the old and the young should be orderly, friends should be faithful The Master said, \conduct.\

The Master said, \youth, when at home, should be filial, and, abroad, respectful to his elders. He should be earnest and truthful. He should overflow in love to all, and cultivate the friendship of the good. When he has time and opportunity, after the performance of these things, he should employ them in polite studies.”The Master said, \to be a man of complete virtue in his food does not seek to gratify his appetite, nor in his dwelling place does he seek the appliances of ease; he is earnest in what he is doing, and careful in his speech; he frequents the company of men of principle that he may be rectified:such a person may be said indeed to love to learn.\

The Master said, \thinks of comfort. The superior man thinks of the sanctions of law; the small man thinks of favors which he may receive.\prince is able to govern his kingdom with the complaisance proper to the rules of propriety, what difficulty will he have? If he cannot govern it with that complaisance, what has he to do with the rules of propriety?\ The Master said, \They who encounter men with smartness of speech for the most part

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procure themselves hatred. I know not whether he be truly virtuous, but why should he show readiness of the tongue?\The Master said, \wise find pleasure in water; the virtuous find pleasure in hills. The wise are active; the virtuous are tranquil. The wise are joyful; the virtuous are long-lived.\

The Master said, \get to be wide apart.“ The Master said, \highest class, and the stupid of the lowest class, who cannot be changed.\The Master said, \associated with virtue.\

1.The Master said, \it is impossible to be a superior man.

2. \an acquaintance with the rules of Propriety, it is impossible for the character to be established.

3. \knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know men.\

1. The Master said, \\the decrees of Heaven. 5. \reception of truth. 6. \without transgressing what was right”

Chinese culture is I-less culture, other-oriented culture. Power or superior position is not gained through personal striving, but ascribed by birth. 官=管control，民=盲obedient，顺

Chinese care very much about their face in order to live in this collective-oriented society. Chinese culture is being, pulling, not doing, pushing

V. Western Culture

When we talk about western culture, we have

to talk about the Mediterranean(Greek), Greek Mythology, Roman Mythology, the Bible, Socrate.

1.The Mediterranean, the Greek:

-Environment &climate played very important role in the creation of

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