treatment of passengers with disabilities,‖ she says. ―The American Medical Association (AMA) recently declared obesity a disease, which should make fat passengers a protected class.‖ Howell points out that the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) addressed this issue in 2009, and issued a ?one-person, one-fare‘ ruling covering passengers with disabilities. Those passengers include ones who are ?clinically obese‘ and who cannot fit into a single seat. 【范文】With the increasing obesity, airline one-size-fits-all seats can‘t satisfy the needs of obese passengers. To solve the conflict between airlines‘ needs and passenger rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly, because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled, including fat passengers, should be protected instead of being charged more. 2. A good story encourages us to turn the next page and read more. We want to find out what happens next and what the main characters do and what they say to each other. We may feel excited, sad, afraid, angry or really happy. This is because the experience of reading or listening to a story is much more likely to make us 'feel' that we are part of the story, too. Just like in our 'real' lives, we might love or hate different characters in the story. Perhaps we recognize ourselves or others in some of them. Perhaps we have similar problems.// Because of this natural empathy with the characters, our brains process the reading of stories differently from the way we read factual information. Our brains don't always recognize the difference between an imagined situation and a real one so the characters become 'alive' to us. What they say and do is therefore more meaningful. This is why the words and structures that relate a story's events, descriptions and conversations are processed in this deeper way. In fact, cultures all around the world have always used storytelling to pass knowledge from one generation to another. Our ancestors understood very well that this was the best way to make sure our histories and information about how to relate to others and to our world was not only understood, but remembered too. (Notice that the word 'history' contains the word 'story' – this is not a coincidence!)// Encouraging your child to read or listen to stories should therefore help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but memorable. // Possible Version: An interesting story motivates/inspires us to read continuously, for it reflects our real lives. Ignoring the unreal factors, we usually feel empathy with the characters and think a lot about the words and structures related to the story. People all over the world have employed/ used storytelling to obtain knowledge and make children‘s language learning meaningful and impressive. (57words) 小结： 议论文：掌握语篇的论点及相关论据；推断论点或论据中关键词句的隐含意思；在口头或书面表达中提出论点，运用恰当的论据支撑论点，为了让读者接受其观点，需要找到 主要信息：观点的内容以及如何论证 9 / 17
掌握写作特点和框架：opinion/idea + argument（supporting ideas/reasons） 说明文： 1. 写说明文概述的步骤： 1） 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 2）寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3）重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。 4）重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。 口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子） 2. 写说明文概述要注意的事项： 1) 不能摘抄原文句子, 要用自己的语言“重组”主要内容； 2) 只保留主要观点，不要细节； 3) 不要发表自己的观点； 4) 不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言； 5) 一般用第三人称转述； 6) 概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄； 7) 注意段中句子的衔接, 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子； 8) 保证无语法错误; 3.说明文Summary 的教学步骤 第一步通读全文, 领略大意。通常summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子，学生可以积累用。 第二步小结每一段的大意。用最简练的文字把文章每段的主要内容概括出即可。 第三步根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 不要加入自己的个人观点，综合归纳全文的大意。对于说明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如可概括如下： This article points out the common phenomenon? 例题精讲 高三一模说明文 1. 崇明区 Gene Therapy ―We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes,‖ said James Watson. Watson is a molecular (分子的) biologist and co-discoverer of DNA structure. Why? Scientists are seeing that gene therapy is revolutionizing the treatment of disease. 10 / 17
In gene therapy, healthy genes are introduced into defective (有缺陷的) cells to prevent or cure disease. While much of the research is in the beginning stages, some successes point to the real benefit of the therapy. In Italy, doctors have recently treated one genetic disease with gene therapy. This disease most often begins to destroy the brain when children are between 1 and 2, stopping them from walking and talking. By inserting normal, healthy genetic material into a virus and then infecting the patients, scientists seem to be able to cure the disease. Although the children given the therapy still need follow-up treatments, they now lead a relatively normal life. Gene therapy has also been used to help older patients. These people suffer from a disease that causes slow movement and uncontrollable shaking because part of the brain dies. Those treated with gene therapy showed a 23.1 percent improvement when tested six months later. Gene therapy appears to be a more positive alternative to surgery or medicine and is an exciting new approach that is just making the news. Researchers hope that in the coming years, every genetic disease will have gene therapy as its treatment. But more research is needed to assure its safety. 【答案】 2. 松江区 Now another American education icon may be disappearing: the hardbound textbook. More and more school districts are replacing traditional textbooks with electronic ones. Electronic textbooks are usually accessed either through an online server or are downloaded to student laptops. In North Texas, Plano and Irving schools are introducing e-books into a few classrooms, and Lancaster school officials also are considering them. But no local district appears to be going as far as Forney. The district most likely would be the first in the state to use e-books in every classroom for grades five to twelve. Officials point out several reasons for turning to e-books. For one, they are easier to update. Thus the publishers are able to find ways to do online textbooks and they can go back and change information. Using e-books will better prepare students for college and the workplace. Rapid district growth is another reason. The number of the students in the district is expected to double within five years. It‘s difficult to know textbook needs in advance and some students wait months for their books. But e-books can be uploaded onto a ―blank‖ laptop in a few hours. Cost may eventually be a deciding cause for choosing e-books, but there are no big savings yet. Even if they get it electronically, they still have to pay for the book because they‘re buying the instructional material. That may change as more and more districts move toward e-books. Today‘ students have little trouble adjusting to laptops and e-books, said Connie Cooley, who has taught at the Academy of Irving ISD for five years. But she said it could worry teachers. ―It‘s harder for people who are right around my age and older.‖ said Ms. Cooley, 36. ―I‘m laptop-savvy, so I was ready for it, but those that aren‘t are a little worrying. 【答案】 11 / 17
小结：
1. 说明文：掌握举例、分类、比较等各种说明方法；在口头或书面表达中运用恰当的说明方法进行介绍或描述
为了解释一个理论或一项实验等；需要找到
主要信息：理论-创新之处和实际用途；实验-目的、过程、对象
掌握写作特点和框架：phenomenon/problem + reason + solution (cause and effect),
introduction of an object (how it is made,
how it is used, how it may change,
what makes it new or significant)
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。
总结： 一．解题技巧
1 长句压缩 2 词组称王 3 概括优先 4 最短连词
可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果
二．写作原则
1 内容必须忠于原文，不能有任何个人观点
2 内容须涵盖文中所有主要信息，非主要信息不能写入文中
3 不能照抄原文句子，即需要用自己的话转述原文内容（核心概念除外） 4 句与句之间需注意衔接
三．实战演练
（A）说明文
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