activity is the second leading cause of early deaths among adults. The first is smoking. By the time people are eighteen, their lungs are fully developed, or close to it. The doctors say it is impossible to recover from any damage. Researchers say they are still not sure how air pollution affects lung development. They believe that pollution affects the tiny air spaces where oxygen and carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) are

exchanged. Arden Pope is an economics professor at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Professor Pope wrote a commentary about the study. He noted that air quality in Southern California has improved since the study began in the early

nineteen-nineties. Clean-air laws have reduced pollution from vehicles, industry and other causes. But dirty air is still a problem in areas of California and other places. Professor Pope says continued efforts to improve air quality are likely to provide additional improvements in health.

36 A study done by researchers at the University of Southern California indicates that ________.

A. 1,700 children from Southern California have weak lung activities B. children in Southern California use less lung strength to breathe C. air pollution may affect the growth of children's lungs

D. 80 percent of children in Southern California suffer from air pollution 37 According to the article, children living in dirty air

A. may lose eighty percent of their normal lung strength B. may suffer more severe effects from a common cold C. were five times more likely to catch a common cold D. were unlikely to recover from any lung damage

38 Why do the researchers express greater concern about the long-term effects of air pollution on children?

A. They begin to lose 1% of their lung power each year after 20. B. They do not show any signs of lung damage when they are young. C. They may suffer early death when they grow up.

D. They cannot expect to have their lungs fully developed at 18.

39 What do we learn from the passage about the air in Southern California?

A. It is unlikely to improve in the near future.

B. It is free of pollution from vehicles and industry. C. It is as dirty as it was before.

D. It is cleaner than it was in the early 1990s. 40 Professor Pope believes that ________.

A. improvement in air quality will provide further health benefits

B. clean-air laws should be passed to reduce air pollution in California C. further studies should be done to find out how dirty air affects lung

development

D. air pollution does even greater harm to children's health than their parents'

smoking

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Passage Three

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:

What makes money valuable? Why is a piece of paper marked $10 worth more than one marked $1? You could say there is no reason. It’s true that a special kind of paper is used to make dollar bills, and they are pretty, but that’s not what makes them valuable. The real reason money is valuable is that everyone believes it is.

Ancient economies had no paper money or coins. Some used barter — trading one thing for another. Others used all kinds of objects as money. Any object would do, as long as there was not an unlimited amount of it. Animals or metals were popular, and so were manufactured products like jewelry or weapons. Wealth in ancient Greece was measured in tools or cattle. This kind of money had two purposes. First, it was useful in itself. Tools and cattle can be used for farming. And second, it was a way to symbolize (象征) and measure value. A house, for example, would be valued at a certain number of tools or cattle. This greatly simplified trade. Other societies used money that was totally symbolic. For instance, American Indians used wampum, which is made from seashells. And until recently on the Pacific island of Yap, people used large stone discs as money.

In most places these types of money died out because more practical forms of money were invented. People started using precious metals, such as gold and silver, that were easier to carry around than tools or stones. And in the eighteenth century, paper money was introduced. At first people were suspicious of the new currency, but they came to accept it because the government or bank issuing it would exchange an equal amount of gold for the paper. A $10 bill really was worth $10 0f gold. But now, people are used to the idea that the government doesn’t have to back its money with gold. Everyone believes that a $10 bill is worth $10 and that is good enough. But if, for some reason, people ever lost faith in paper money, ten dollars wouldn’t be worth the paper it’s printed on.

41 Which of the following in NOT mentioned as the first kind of money?

A. Animals B. Houses C. Metals D. Weapons 42 The pronoun it (line3, para. 2) refers to __________.

A. money B. wealth C. farm work D. the object chosen as money 43 Tools and cattle were used as money because __________. A. they could be found in every family B. they were useful and symbolized value C. they were easier to carry around

D. they were the only wealth in ancient times

44 The word ―precious‖ (line2, para.3) is closest in meaning to __________. A. valuable B. popular C. Large D. heavy

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45 People were suspicious of paper money most probably because __________. A. paper is not as useful as tools B. paper had no value of its own

C. paper was just invented and new to people D. paper was under the control of the government

Passage Four

When Berenice Belizaire arrived in New York from Haiti with her mother and sister in 1987, she was not very happy. She spoke no English. The family had to live in a small and crowded Brooklyn apartment, a far cry from the comfortable house they'd had in Haiti. Her mother, a nurse, worked long hours. School was torture. Berenice had always been a good student, but now she was learning a new language while enduring constant taunts from the Americans. They cursed her in the cafeteria and threw food at her. Someone hit her sister in the head with a book. \home?\

Because home was dangerous. The schools weren't always open anymore, and education – her mother insisted – was the most important thing. Her mother had always pushed her: memorize everything, she ordered.

\school began to notice that Berenice always, somehow, knew the answers. \started coming to me for help,\

Within two years Berenice was speaking English, though not well enough to get into one of New York's elite public high school. She had to settle for a neighborhood school, James Madison, a school with a history of unlikely success stories. \realize what we had in Berenice at first,\math teacher Judith Khan. \good at math, but she was quiet. And the things she didn't know! She applied for a summer program in Buffalo and asked me how to get there on the subway. But she always seemed to ask the right questions. She understood the big ideas. She could think on her feet. She could explain difficult problems so the other kids could understand them. Eventually I realized she wasn't just pushing for grades, she was hungry for knowledge … And you know it never occurred to me that she also was doing well in English and history, all these other subjects that had to be much tougher for her than math.\

46 Berenice and her family came to the United States so that ________. A. she could get a good education B. they could live a comfortable life

C. they could learn to speak perfect English

D. she could enjoy school together with her sister

47 How did the American students treat Berenice and her sister when they first came to New York?

A. They tried to help them.

B. They looked down upon them.

C. They tried to make friends with them. D. They kept a distance from them.

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48 How was it that the American children never called Berenice a nerd? A. They came to know she had a pretty good memory. B. She spoke English as if she were a native American. C.She could help them with their schoolwork.

D. They knew she had always been a good student. 49 Why didn't Berenice get into an elite public school? A. Her family couldn't afford the cost. B. Her English wasn't good enough.

C. It was too far away from where her family lived.

D. The neighborhood school she went to had a history of unlikely success stories. 50 Why did Berenice make such rapid progress in her studies after she came to America according to her math teacher?

A.There were so many things she didn't know. B. The summer program she went to help her a lot. C. Her mother pressed her for good grades. D. She had a thirst for knowledge.

Translation

1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

1. Being a doctor isn’t really all bad. We do have our moments.

当医生确实不错。我们确实有我们得意的时候。

2．A medical student should have a kind heart to serve the patients. 医科学生应该有一颗为病人服务的好心肠。

3. His grandkids are playing football in the back street now.

他的孙子们正在后街踢足球。

4. Nobody would think that he had stolen money from Jenny.

没人会想到是他偷了珍妮的钱。

5. We could not cross the river because the water had risen. 河水又涨了，我们没法过河了。

2. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. 圣诞节临近时，许多商店开始促销活动以吸引购物者。

As Christmas is drawing near, many stores began to offer sales promotion in order to attract shoopers.

2. 玛丽有一点情绪低落，她需要时间接受她生意上的失败。

Mary is a bit depressed. She needs time to cometo terms with her business failure.

3. 格雷格给我留下了深刻的印象，他想尽办法帮我们找到了一个解决办法。 Greg gave me a very deep impression, he tried his best to find a solution for us. 4. 他看起来虽然很镇定，但实际上却非常紧张。

He looks like very calm, as a matter of fact, he is very nervous. 5. 他研究原子科学是为了我国的国防。他根本不在乎名望。

He pursued atomic science for the defense of our country. Fame meant nothing to him.

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