西北师范大学知行学院

毕 业 论 文

题目： 评哈代的宿命论

姓 名： 周正秀 班 级： 09外本10班 专 业： 英语 届 别： 2013届 指导教师： 靳琰

2012年 11月 07日

摘 要

托马斯哈代作为一名小说家是连接十九世纪和二十世纪英国文学的桥梁，他非常关注穷人的命运，无情的批判现实世界，揭露社会的黑暗面，其作品以充满浓郁的悲观主义宿命论色彩而闻名。哈代除了重视小说的情节以外，还十分注重人物的心理刻画，他的小说具有深刻刻画人物内心世界的特点。因此，本文通过对哈代生活的社会背景和家庭背景以及当时的社会主要思潮—达尔文的进化论，叔本华的悲观主义的研究，分析哈代宿命论的思想体系形成的原因和特点，并结合哈代宿命论中的巧合和预示，进一步分析哈代的宿命论。

关键词：哈代, 宿命论, 巧合和预示

i

Abstract

As a novelist, Thomas Hardy is connected to the British literature of 19th century and 20th century. He focuses on the poor’s fate, criticizes the real world, and reveals the evil of society. His works are famous for the pessimism and fatalism. Hardy does not only emphases on the novel's plot, but also pays attention to the person’s characters. His novel have the characteristics that profound describe the inner world of portray. Therefore, this thesis is mainly to makes an analysis of the features of Hardy's fatalism and its limitation through the description of the historical background and the family background of Hardy’s novel, and the social thoughts---Darwin's Evolutionism and Schopenhauer’s tragic sense, and to research the reason and the character about the formation of Hardy's fatalism and its limitation. According to Hardy's writing technique: coincidence and foreshow to further analyze fatalism.

Keywords: Hardy, fatalism, coincidence and foreshow

ii

目 录

摘 要 ............................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. ii 1. 引言 ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. 文献回顾 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 3.哈代的创作思想的形成 ................................................................................................................ 2 4. 哈代小说的宿命论和悲剧色彩 .................................................................................................. 2

4.1.探究哈代小说的宿命论和悲剧色彩形成的原因 ............................................................. 3

4.1.1.社会环境的感染 ...................................................................................................... 3 4.1.2.个人思想的再现 ...................................................................................................... 4 4.2.小说中宿命论和悲剧性思想的分析 ................................................................................. 5

4.2.1.小说中自然环境与风俗的悲剧感 .......................................................................... 5 4.2.2.人物性格表现了他们的悲剧命运 .......................................................................... 6 4.2.3．故事情节的发展推动进入悲剧的高潮 ............................................................... 7

4.2.3.1.在《德伯家的苔丝》中悲剧高潮的发展 ................................................... 7 4.2.3.2.在《萎缩的胳膊》中悲剧高潮的发展 ....................................................... 8 4.2.3.3.在《婚宴空设》中悲剧高潮的发展 ........................................................... 8

4.3.绝望中夹杂着希望 ............................................................................................................. 9 5.哈代对悲剧的终生思考是人类智慧的结晶。 ............................................................................ 9 6结论 ............................................................................................................................................. 10 注释 ................................................................................................................................................ 10 参考文献......................................................................................................................................... 11

iii