英语中的标点符号

&

Ampersand

&符号代表and，通常只用于名称和缩写。

1. &可用于公司的名称中，但并不适用于政府机构名称： American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Securities and Exchange Commission[/indent]

2. 当&在信函中与缩写联用时，通常需在其左右留出空格，而在诸如技术性文档这样需要大量用到缩写的地方，一般就会略去空格：

Such loans may be available at your band or S & L. The R&D budget looks adequate for the next fiscal year. 3. 连续的多个名词中用到&时，不用逗号： the law firm of Shilliday, Fraser & French '

Apostrophe

1. ' 用于表示所有关系时： the boy's mother the boss's desk

the princess's duties also the princess' duties

2. ' 可用于表示字母、数字、缩写、符号和用作单词本身的单词的复数： p's and q's 1970's CPUs

printed three *s

five and's in one sentence

3. 两个或多个单词缩为一个词时，' 表示这种省略： didn't o'clock

4. ' 可用于表示对单词中某些字母的故意省略，或只是一种书写上的省略习惯： Get 'em Dancin' till die rock 'n' roll

5. ' 用来表示对数字中某些位的省略： class of '95 politics in the '90s

6. ' 用来表示由数字或单独字母组成的动词的变化形式（有时也可用连字符-）： 86'ed our proposal OK'ing the manuscripts

7. 在缩写后面加上-er后，如果容易引起混淆，则需要加上'，如果不会，则不需要（有时也可用连字符-）： 4-H'er AA'er IBMer [] Brackets

1. [] 用于编者插入的注释、修改、说明，或其他东西，尤其是在引语中：

This was the first time since it became law that Twenty-first Amendment [outlining procedures for the replacement of a dead of incapacitated President or vice President] had been invoked. He wrote, \ 2. [] 用于插入被略去的字母：

\ 3. [] 用于替换原文的插入文字：

The report, entitled \she notes that \complete history of the decade....Rather [they] impact the flavor of the events, developments, and achievements of this vibrant period.\

4. [] 用于插入文字对原文的单词有轻微改动时：

The magazine reported that thousands of the country's children were \ 5. [] 用于表示对原文的大小写或字样的某种改变：

As we point out later, \

They agreed with and were encouraged by her next point: \have been placed in positions of responsibility without being delegated enough authority to carry out the responsibility.\ 对原文作出大小写的改变时，[]是可用可不用的，只有在对文字材料要求非常严格时（特别是法律文本）才是必需的。

6. 在()中的[]起()的作用：

The company was incinerating high concentrations of pollutants (such as polychlrinated biphenyls [PCBs]) in a power boiler.

7. [] 在数学式和化学分子式中与()联用： x+5[(x+y)(x-y)] Ag[Pt(NO2)4]

8. 句子中的 [] 前不能有标点，如果需要标点，也要放在]之后：

The report stated, \be limited.\

9. 当 [] 中包含是一个完整的句子，句子后的标点需放在[]内：

[The paw print has finally verified the cougar's continued existence in the Northeast.] 10. [] 与其所包括的文字之间、与其后相连的任何标点之间，都不能有空格。 : Colon

1. : 的可跟从句，短语甚至一个单词，: 可用于引语前，尤其是当（1）该引语很长时（2）该引语是正式声明或特别强调时（3）该引语是同位语时：

Said Murdoch: \the steps that we well need to go through, what kind of staff we will require to accomplish each step, what the entire project will cost, and when we can expect completion.\ The inscription reads: \.\

In response, he had this to say: \ 2. : 用于分隔参考页码、书目、圣经引文和时间与比率中： Journal of the American Medical Association 48:356 Stendhal, Love (New York: Penguin, 1975) John 4:10

8:30 a.m. a ration of 3:5

3. : 用于分隔标题与副标题（书）

The Tragic Dynasty: A history of the Romanovs

4. 以空格隔开的:用于连接相反或相对的术语[$raquo]呵呵，是不是想起了GRE的类比题？ [$laquo]： The budget shows an unfavorable difference in research : advertising dollars. 5. 在正式信函中，: 用于称呼语后： Dear Mrs. Wright: Dear Laurence: Ladies and Gentlemen: To whom it may concerns:

6. 用于备忘录、政府信函标题和正式商业信件的标题行： TO: VIA:

SUBJECT: REFERENCE:

7. 用于商业信件中分隔作者/授权者/打字员首字母缩写： WAL:jml WAL:WEB:jml

8. 用于商业信件中分隔抄送/密送和收信人 cc:RSP bcc:MWK

9. : 要放在引号和括号之外：

There's only one thing wrong with \ I quote from the first edition of Springtime in Savannah (published in 1952): 10. : 用于数字中间时，前后都不能有空格 9:30 a.m. a ration of 2:4

11. 在商业信件中，签名行、抄送后缩写名前的:的前后都不能有空格，抄送后的收信人为全名时，: 后需跟一个空格： FCM:hg cc:FCM cc: Mr. Johnson , Comma

最常用的标点。没什么特别要写的。 -

Dash

- 可起到逗号、冒号或括号的作用。有时比冒号和括号稍微非正式一些，尤其是在广告中。但也可用于所有正式、非正式的情况。

- 的长度很特别：它有多种长度。最常见的-被称为em dash，宽度相当于排版中的大写M字母，打印时相当于2个连字符-。 突然的变化或暂停

1. - 表示句子结构中的突然变化或间隔等：

The students seemed happy enough with the new plan, but the alumni--there was the problem. 2. - 表示讲话被打断，或者说话者的迷惑、犹豫：

\

\ 进行说明或突出、强调

3. - 代替逗号或括号，起强调等作用： Mail your subscription--now!

The privately owned consulting firm--formerly known as Aborjaily & Associates--is now offering many new services.

4. - 用于引出定义或枚举短语：

The fund sought to acquire controlling positions--a minimum of 25% of outstanding voting securities--in other companies.

The easy dealt with our problems with waste--cans, bottles, discarded tires, and other trash. 5. - 经常用于代替冒号或分号来联接子句，尤其是当所根子句解释、概括或阐述前面子句时： The test results were surprsingly good--none of the tested models displayed serious problems. 6. 一个 - 或一对 - 常用于for example, namely, that is, e.g.和i.e.开头的语句前：

Sports develp two valuable traits--namely, self-control and the ability to make quick decisions. Not all \ 7. - 常用于一系列词句后的概括性语句前：

Unemployment, strikes, inflation, stock prices, mortgage rates--all are part of the economy. Once into bankruptcy, the company would have to pay cash for its supplies, defer maintenance, and lay off workers--moves that could threaten its long-term profitability. 8. - 常用于引语结束后的人名前，可放在同一行末尾，也可放在下一行：

\ Winter tames man, woman, and beast. --William Shakespeare 与其它标点的关系

9. 当-出现在句子中某处逗号/句号/分号也可出现的地方时，逗号/句号/分号需去掉： If we don't succeed--and the critics say we won't--then the whole project is in jeopardy.

Some of the other departments, however--particularly Accounting, Sales, and Credit Collection--have expanded their computer operations.

His conduct has always been exemplary--near-perfect attendance, excellent productivity, a good attitude; nevertheless, his termination cannot be avoided.

10. 一对-连用的语句如果本有叹号/问号时，叹号/问号置于第二个-前：

His hobby was getting on people's nerves--especially mine!--and he was extremely good at it. 11. -和括号连用时，它们放在里、外的频率相同（-在里时，第二个略去不用）：

We were looking for a narrator (or narrators--sometimes a script calls for more than one) who could handle a variety of assignments.

On our trip south we crossed a number of major rivers--the Hudson, the Delaware, and the Patapsco (which flows through Baltimore)--without paying a single toll. En Dash

12. 一般见于打印材料中（常用连字符打出）。En dash比Em dash短，但比连字符稍长。最常是用于（1）代替前缀与复合词之间的连字符（2）数字、日期等中间表示范围（3）大写名称之间代表单词to（4）表示联系，如边界等： pre-Civil War architecture 1988-89 pages 128-34