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Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank (banking), fashion, manufacturing, and transportation.

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That TOEFL is a piece of cake is known to all.

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The fact is that TOEFL is a piece of cake.

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ÐÎÈݴʶÌÓï(adj .+ prep. + n2£©×÷ºóÖö¨ÓïÐÞÊÎn1£¬Ï൱ÓÚ¶¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄÊ¡ÂÔ¡£ ¼´£ºn1+(which+be)+adj.+prep.+n2 P57 11

Ex: deposits (which are) similar to those £»foods (which are) high in fat£»

a room (which is) bare of furniture £»a line (which is) perpendicular to the surface animals (which are) capable of secreting calcium £»leaves (which are) rich in sugar ¡ù n1+ (which+be) +£¨-er + than + n.2)

ÓëÇ°Ãæ½á¹¹µÄÇø±ð£ºÐÎÈÝ´Ê»»³É±È½Ï¼¶£¬½é´Ê»»³ÉÁËthan¡£ Ex: at a temperature (which is) warmer than 50 a camel (which is) no longer than a dog

£¨ËÄ£©¹æÔò¶¯´ÊµÄ¹ýÈ¥·Ö´Ê×÷ºóÖö¨Óï½á¹¹ Ex: Automatons programmed to perform a given task lack the flexibility and adaptability of human beings.

¾äÖÐprogrammedÊǹýÈ¥·Ö´Ê£¬¶ø²»Êǹýȥʽ¡£lackÊǼ°Îﶯ´Ê¡£ ÅжÏn.+ -ed ÊÇνÓﻹÊÇ·ÇνÓï,ÒÔcalledΪÀý£º We called him bush. Ö÷¶¯, ¹ýȥʽ,νÓï

He was called bush. ±»¶¯,¹ýÈ¥·Ö´Ê,νÓïµÄÒ»²¿·Ö A boy called bush was ¡­¡­ ±»¶¯,¹ýÈ¥·Ö´Ê,ºóÖö¨Óï n. + -ed×ܽ᣺

¢ÙÏÈ´ÓÂß¼­ÉÏÅжÏn.+ -ed µÄÖ÷±»¶¯¹ØÏµ. ¡ª¡ªÖ÷¶¯ÔòÊÇνÓï¡¢¹ýȥʽ¡£

¡ª¡ª±»¶¯ÔòÊÇ·ÇνÓï¡¢¹ýÈ¥·Ö´Ê¡£

¢ÚÈç¹ûΪÖ÷¶¯£¬ÔòΪ¹ýȥʽ£¬ÎªÎ½ÓÈç¹ûΪ±»¶¯,ÔòΪ¹ýÈ¥·Ö´Ê¡£ ÆäÖÐÊÇνÓﻹÊǺóÖö¨ÓïÓÖ·ÖÁ½ÖÖÇé¿ö£º ¡ª¡ªÓб»¶¯´Ê(be)¾ÍÊÇνÓï¡£ ¡ª¡ªÃ»Óб»¶¯´Ê(be)¼´ºóÖö¨Óï¡£

Ex: Antibodies made by small, round cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells.

£¨Î壩²»¹æÔò¶¯´ÊµÄ¹ýȥʽºÍ¹ýÈ¥·Ö´Ê È磺set¡ª¡ªset¡ª¡ªset

spread¡ª¡ªspread¡ª¡ªspread cost¡ª¡ªcost¡ª¡ªcost

×öÌâʱ£¬Åöµ½£ºShe set¡­¡­ It spread¡­¡­ It cost¡­¡­µÈÐÎʽ£¬ÒªÏÈÅжÏÊÇÔ­Ðλ¹Êǹýȥʽ£¬ÔÙ¾ö¶¨ÊÇ·ñÓ¦¸Ä³Éµ¥ÊýµÚÈýÈ˳ÆÐÎʽ¡£ P35 35

°Ë¡¢ÆäËû

£¨Ò»£©Ë«±öÓï½á¹¹ Ö÷ÒªÖ¸Ò»Ð©ÌØÊâµÄνÓﶯ´Ê¡£ 1¡¢gain, win, earn.

sth gain/win/earn sb. sth.

2¡¢give, grant. sth give sth sth .

sb/sth grant sb/sth sth . 3¡¢persuade, tell.

persuade sb. to do P23 15 sb tell sb that + ¾ä×Ó.

sb persuade sb that + ¾ä×Ó.

Ex: Any critic, teacher, librarian, or poet who hopes to broaden poetry's audience faces the difficult challenge of persuading skeptical readers that the poetry is important today .

4¡¢ÔÚ±öÓï²¹×ãÓï½á¹¹ÖУº

call, make, consider, name, appoint, elect²»ÊÇÊôÓÚË«±öÓï½á¹¹¡£ ¡ù νÓﶯ´Ê+n.1+n.2. ¡Ì P48 13

ÕâЩ´ÊÊDZöÓï²¹×ãÓïµÄ¶¯´Ê£¬ÓеãÏñË«±öÓïµÄ½á¹¹£¬ËùÒÔÔÚÕâÀïÌáÁËһϡ£ £¨¶þ£©it½á¹¹ Ex£ºIt is a book. ´í£¡ They have three books. ´í£¡

Ñ¡Ö÷ν£¬ÓÅÏÈÑ¡There be, ²»Ñ¡It, They¡£It, TheyÖ¸´ú²»Ã÷£¬²»¿É×öÖ÷ÓïλÓÚ¾äÊס£ It×öÖ÷ÓïÖ»ÓÐÁ½ÖÖÇé¿ö£º 1¡¢Ç¿µ÷¾äÐÍ£º

It is/was + ±»Ç¿µ÷²¿·Ö+ that/who + ÆäÓಿ·Ö. ±»Ç¿µ÷²¿·Ö£«ÆäÓಿ·Ö=Ô­¾ä

¢Ù¿ÉÒÔÇ¿µ÷Ö÷Ó±öÓ״Ó²»¿ÉÒÔÇ¿µ÷νÓ¶¨Óï¡£ ¢ÚÇ¿µ÷ÈËʱ£¬ÓÃthat/who¾ù¿É£¬ÆäÓàÓÃthat¡£ ¢Ûµ±Ô­¾äΪ¹ýȥʱ̬ʱ£¬ÓÃwas£»ÆäÓàÓÃis¡£ ¡ù_____who/that¡­¡­.

ÓÅÏÈÑ¡ÔñIt is/was +±»Ç¿µ÷²¿·Ö P51 5 ÈκÎÌâÄ¿ÖУ¬It be + Ö÷ÓïÒ»¶¨´í 2¡¢ÐÎʽÖ÷ÓïºÍÐÎʽ±öÓï

ÐÎʽÖ÷Óï: It +be +adj/·Ö´Ê+ to do sth It +be +adj/·Ö´Ê+ that+ÍêÕû¾ä ÐÎʽ±öÓï: S+ Vt+ it + adj/·Ö´Ê+ to do sth/that S+ Vt+ it + adj/·Ö´Ê+ that + ÍêÕû¾ä

È磺S + make it possible to do sth /that + ÍêÕû¾ä

it²»ÄÜ×öÕæÕýµÄÖ÷ÓֻÄÜÓÃÓÚÇ¿µ÷½á¹¹¡¢ÐÎʽÖ÷ÓïºÍÐÎʽ±öÓï¡£

£¨Èý£©Èý¾ä×ӽṹ ¾ä×Ó£¬¾ä×Ó£¬¾ä×Ó.

1¡¢±ØÐëÓÐÁ½¸öÁ¬´ÊÒ»¸öÖ÷¾ä£¬Á½¸ö´Ó¾ä¡£ÓÐÁ¬´ÊµÄ¾ä×Ó¾ÍÊǴӾ䡣 2¡¢Á½¸öÁ¬´Ê¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»Æð¡£¾ä×Ó£¬but (when+¾ä×Ó£¬¾ä×Ó) P37 11 ¡ù ½«ÓÐÁ¬´ÊµÄ¾ä×Ó»®µô¼´¿É.

whatÊÇÁ¬´Ê£¨Òýµ¼Ö÷Ó±íÓ±öÓͬλÓ

Ex: Sturgeons are prized for their blackish roe , which when salted and served as an appetizer is called caviar . £¨ËÄ£©such¡­¡­as½á¹¹ 1¡¢such + ¸´ÊýÃû´Ê+ as + Àý×Ó£¨¼«ÉÙÇé¿öÏÂÒ²Óе¥ÊýÃû´Ê£© 2¡¢¸´ÊýÃû´Ê+ such as + Àý×Ó P137 6