宝山区 2017-2018学年一模 II. Grammar and Vocabulary

Why My Best Friend Is a Book

Writing about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the background says “Oh, why didn’t you think of that before?” Beliefs change, they mature and grow just (21)__________a child. The best beliefs are the ones that (22)________( cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.

Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23)_________(easy) when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters, imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’ sadness, as well as their joy, is the most amazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person, Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24)_________(escape). I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.

Reading can teach us. Whether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25)_______(write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)________ ________ _________ you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.

Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all rad the same books. (27)________ is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28)________ (drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29) ________read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!

Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30)________(help) me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration. Books always make me smile. That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because it will make you happy. Section B

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need. A.extent G. function B.substance H.caused C.normal I.physical D. potential E. refreshing J.restore K. mentally F.instructions The discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors can be switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look 31 younger, but start to divide like young cells.

The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a 32 naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals 33 splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate, behaving like young cells.

The discovery has the 34 to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.

Professor Harries as saying, “This is a first step in trying to make people live

35 lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to 36 to old cells.”

Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the 37 and rapidity of the changes in the cells.

“When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish 38 I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic,” she said. “I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rejuvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.”

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As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or 39 as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the 40 for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts. Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions. III. Reading Comprehension Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called “ executive control” when it comes to making decisions, 41 considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.

He acknowledges that language is 42 for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner 43 that a wide variety of animals -- -elephants, chimpanzees( 黑猩猩), ravens( 大乌鸦) and lions, among others --- 44 reasonable decision-making.

“ These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the 45 they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,” he wrote.

The question has been 46 since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what means to be human is. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to 47 exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.

Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious 48 in the 1970s and 80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, 49 ----found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in 50 thought and language structures.

Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable 51 to study the issue, but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologist at the University of Vienna, last year 52 the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, 53 their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.

In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his 54 . His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, “to see that we’re gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are 55 in a unique way.”

41. A. secretly B. unintentionally C. scarcely D. consciously 42. A. required 43. A. concerns 44. A. turn down 45. A. option 46. A. dismissed 47. A. evaluate 48. A. results 49. A. for example 50. A. obvious 51. A. mystery 52. A. substituted 53. A. adapting 54. A. agreement

B. qualified B. complains B. engage in B. scheme B. ignored B. determine B. successes B. this is to say B. feasible B. tradition B. published B. symbolizing B. implement

C. acquired C. conclude C. refer to C. regulation C. debated C. overlook C. achievements C. on the contrary C. private C. evidence C. reflected C. investigating C. requirement

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D. prepared D. convinces D. argue about D. random D. answered D. initiate D. attempts D. as a result D. complex D. fiction D. maintained D. revenging D. argument

55. A. passionate Section A

B. reasonable C. confused D. ridiculous

(A)

We see them everywhere. “There are some things that money can’t buy… for everything else, there’s MasterCard.” We hear them everywhere. “Make life rewarding… American Express.” Whether watching television, driving down the highway, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.

Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.

By the time summer rolled around, I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I had acquired… I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working, I was checking my bank account, try to figure out if my next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.

I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues – after all, I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.

I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren’t priorities. My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a means of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared between my family and friends: “There are some things that money can’t buy… Seek them.” Unlike cash, this form of wealth grows the more I give. 56. According to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because ______.

A. the appeal of money is inescapable B. he values the love between his family and friends A. his wealth grows by working hard every day D.he has paid off his debt in cash 57.The author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order to ______.

A. show how to settle problems with others B. prove how selfish his Dad is

A. explain material possessions get him into trouble D. display generation gap between Dad and Son 58 The word “comfy” (paragraph 4) probably means ______. A. realistic B. individual C. gracious D. comfortable

59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Seeking a different kind of wealth C. Letting go of different sufferings A. Wealth as a means of satisfaction D. Happiness grows out of hardships

(B)

Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stress might be making you sick. Here’s how to battle against them.

If you’ve never suffered from headaches but suddenly your head is constantly striking, you might be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels（血管）in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common for your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed, which can also cause a headache. WHAT TO DO:

If you don’t want to take medicine, try spreading lavender （薰衣草）oil on your temples（太阳穴）when a headache starts. Or try one of these home remedies for headaches.

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Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormone cortisol（皮质醇）can make it harder to concentrate, causing memory problems as well as anxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine. WHAT TO DO:

Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.

Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles（囊）are replaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb that cycle.

Significant stress pushes a large number of hair follicles into what’s called a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out, according to MayoClinic.org. Stress can also cause the body’s resistant system to attack your hair follicles, resulting in hair loss. WHAT TO DO:

Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back. 60. If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT that ______. A. you keep getting headaches B. you always have a cold C. your hair is falling out D. your brain feels confused 61. Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?

A. Breathing slowly with your eyes closed. B. Waiting until your brain returns to normal. C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples. D. Relaxing and attacking your brain softly. 62. What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?

A. Our hair starts falling out and then grows back. B. Our body’s resistant system attacks your hair follicles C. Our hair starts growing again. D. serious headache starts.

(C)

For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.

Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.

A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.

Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials – thus the label “additive.”

“The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,” said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. “We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, and especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.”

Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production – by consumers, merchants and hobbyists – and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.

“This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,” said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. “If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.”

The special issue contains: life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and products investigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologies studies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materials examination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technology analysis of

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