Summary writing （议论文写作步骤）

议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。 其中最主要的是找准主题句。

概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)

第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因

此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。

第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.

第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；

第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之

符合概括短文内容要点的词数。

议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，

然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。

尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this

article thinks that? 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think? 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that?

如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：

The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students. The essay/passage/author argues in support of …, stating that …

The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success. The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.

The passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home. The passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.

典型例题

A good story encourages us to turn the next page and read more. We want to find out what happens next and what the main characters do and what they say to each other. We may feel excited, sad, afraid, angry or really happy. This is because the experience of reading or listening to a story is much more likely to 1

make us 'feel' that we are part of the story, too. Just like in our 'real' lives, we might love or hate different characters in the story. Perhaps we recognize ourselves or others in some of them. Perhaps we have similar problems.//

Because of this natural empathy with the characters, our brains process the reading of stories differently from the way we read factual information. Our brains don't always recognize the difference between an imagined situation and a real one so the characters become 'alive' to us. What they say and do is therefore more meaningful. This is why the words and structures that relate a story's events, descriptions and conversations are processed in this deeper way.

In fact, cultures all around the world have always used storytelling to pass knowledge from one generation to another. Our ancestors understood very well that this was the best way to make sure our histories and information about how to relate to others and to our world was not only understood, but remembered too. (Notice that the word 'history' contains the word 'story' – this is not a coincidence!)// Encouraging your child to read or listen to stories should therefore help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but memorable. // Possible Version:

An interesting story motivates/inspires us to read continuously, for it reflects our real lives. Ignoring the unreal factors, we usually feel empathy with the characters and think a lot about the words and structures related to the story. People all over the world have employed/ used storytelling to obtain knowledge and make children’s language learning meaningful and impressive. (57words)

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