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Unit I

Compound dictation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the words you have heard on the tape. Write your answers in the corresponding space below. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.

In 1979, China adopted (1) ___ of limiting families to one child each, especially (2) ___. The authorities are intensely serious about this aim, since China’s (3) ___ has had severe effects: not enough places in classrooms for all its children, especially (4) ___, where Project Hope was launched later, not enough job opportunities for adults (redundancy proves to be (5) ___ nowadays), not even enough food for everyone ((6) ___ is still reminiscent in people’s mind). To (7) ___, family-planning workers oversee factory workshops and agricultural brigades, and special birth control departments (8) ___ in every inhabited area. Furthermore, the policy goes beyond using (9) ___, such as housing, money, childcare, (10) ___, to induce voluntary compliance. People who have children without permission (11) ___ job promotions and bonuses, although recent reports indicate some (12) ___.

As a result, the nursery schools, kindergartens, early elementary grades of China are already filled with children who have (13) ___. This situation marks a great change in Chinese society, in which (14) ___ were traditionally congratulated with the wish, “May you have a hundred sons and a thousand grandsons.” No culture in human history has ever been (15) ___ only children. And now that the Chinese are seeing the possibility of achieving their population goal, some critics are asking whether they are (16) ___ of their own destruction.

Compared with all children who have siblings, only children are (17) ___, character, and quality of relationships with parents, and they are sociable and well adjusted. They are more intelligent and achieve (18) ___ in medium-sized families. They (19) ___ character than people from medium-sized and (20) ___, and have better relationships with their parents than children in large families do.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

3. ________________________________ 4. _______________________________ 7. ________________________________ 8. _______________________________ 11. ________________________________ 12. _______________________________ 15. ________________________________ 16. _______________________________ 19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 2

Compound dictation

Chocolate is one of the most popular (1) ___ in the United States. The average American eats about (2) ___, but it is even more popular in Europe, where people in some countries eat about (3) ___.

A new exhibit in Chicago (4) ___ of chocolate and its role in (5) ___. Chicago considers itself the (6) ___ the United States because of (7) ___ manufacturers located there.

Now, those who want to learn more about where many people’s favorite candy – chocolate – comes from, need (8) ___ the new chocolate exhibit at the Natural History Museum in Chicago. Chocolate is (9) ___ for an exhibition. It is something we eat all of the time, it is something we love, we crave and yet (10) ___ that we don’t know where it comes from.

Chocolate began to spread (11) ___ in the 1600’s. In 1657, the first chocolate house opened in London. It is (12) ___ today’s café. By 1700, there were (13) ___ 2,000 chocolate houses in the city. Chocolate became the (14) ___ in Italy. Some historians think the poison that killed the Pope in 1774 was (15) ___. Chocolate appeared in its familiar candy form in England and Switzerland (16) ___.

Consumption of chocolate is not very high in parts of the world (17) ___. In part, it brings in much-needed income, but it is also (18) ___. The interesting fact behind that is that many of the people who manufacture chocolate, grow chocolate and produce chocolate, are ones who (19) ___. It still is a very expensive product (20) ___ producing it for us today.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 3

Compound dictation

A personal computer, or PC, is (1) ___ computer used by one person at a time. Portable PCs (2) ___ to fit on a person’s lap (3) ___ laptops or notebooks. Special software called the operating systems (4) ___ operate the computer system’s physical parts, or hardware. The (5) ___ operating systems used on PCs are Microsoft Windows, the Macintosh and Linux.

The heart of a PC is its microprocessor, or (6) ___ (CPU in short), contained on a chip of silicon. The microprocessor carries out (7) ___ operations specified by computer programs. PCs have several places where (8) ___ are kept.

The Internet is (9) ___ of computer networks. In 1994, (10) ___ people worldwide made use of it. As of early 2002, according to Nielsen, 166 million Americans (11) ___ the Internet from their homes, the largest number of any country in the world. China, with more than 56 million, was in the 2nd place. (12) ___ with Internet access, Canada, at more than 60%, was number 1. According to estimates by Global Reach in early 2002, English was the (13) ___ of the roughly 560 million people online: the 2nd-most-common language was Chinese, with nearly 10%.

According to the Nielsen data, (14) ___, the US and Canada were the only Internet markets where females online (15) ___, although in New Zealand the split between the sexes was almost 50-50. A Digital Marketing Services survey found that American mothers averaged (16) ___ online per week than American teenagers.

As of June 2002, the (17) ___ FAST claimed that its ALLTHEWEB.com engine had indexed the most Web pages – 2.1 billion, (18) ___ Google. The total size of the Web, according to search engine developer BrightPlanet, lies in (19) ___ pages.

By December 1996, about 627,000 Internet (20) ___ had been registered. By mid-2002, more than 30 million had been registered.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

Unit 4

Compound dictation

The modern Olympic Games, (1) ___, in 1896, resulted from the efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, (2) ___, to promote interest in education and culture and (3) ___ through love of athletics. His source of inspiration was the ancient Greek Olympic Games, (4) ___ of the 4 Panhellenic celebrations. The games were combined patriotic, religious, and athletic festivals (5) ___. The first such recorded festival was held in 776 BC, the date from which the Greeks (6) ___ the calendar by “Olympiads”, or 4-year spans (7) ___.

Baron de Coubertin (8) ___ to send athletes to the first modern Olympics in 1896; now athletes from nearly (9) ___ in the world compete in the summer Olympics. The winter Olympics started (10) ___.

The first Olympic Games (11) ___ were held in Rome after the 1960 summer Olympics, use of the name “paralympic” began with the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Paralympics are held by the Olympic host country in the same year and (12) ___. A goal of the Paralympics is to provide the elite competition to athletes with functional disabilities that (13) ___ the Olympic Games.

On the Olympic flag there are 5 rings, linked together to represent the sporting friendship of all peoples. They also symbolize (14) ___ – Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. Each ring has a different color – (15) ___. The creed of Olympics is that the most important thing in the Olympic Games is (16) ___, just as the most important thing in life is (17) ___. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well. The motto is “(18) ___.” The modern version of the flame was adopted in 1936. The torch (19) ___ is first lit by the sun’s rays at Mt. Olympia, Greece, and carried (20) ___ by relays of runners. Ships and planes are used when necessary.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

15. ________________________________ 16. _______________________________ 19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 5

Compound dictation

Sigmund Freud saw the human personality as (1) ___ three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud’s life spanned the second half of the 19th century, and most of the first half of the 20th. (2) ___, Freud was in many ways a product of his upbringing and of the times (3) ___. As the eldest of 8 children and his mother’s favorite, he (4) ___ at an early age. He (5) ___ the medical school of the University of Vienna, planning to (6) ___. However, as a Jew, he had (7) ___, as a husband and father, he had (8) ___. Therefore, he went into the private practice of medicine, (9) ___ treating nervous disorders, at that time a new branch of medicine.

Freud tried to help his patient – (10) ___, upper-middle-class Viennese women – through hypnosis. When this proved ineffective, he applied the “(11) ___” technique into what we now know as psychoanalysis. As Freud listened to his patients talk about (12) ___, he began to realize some common threads: (13) ___ of experiences in early childhood, the existence and importance of infantile sexuality, (14) ___, the way much of our lives is ruled by (15) ___ of which we are not consciously aware, (16) ___ these and other observations, he formulated his theories, sometimes illustration his points by writing up (17) ___.

Freud’s notions shocked Victorian society – (18) ___ that infants were sexual beings and that their powerful sexual urges establish lifelong personality patterns. However, (19) ___, the force of his personality, and the persuasiveness of his writing won him many followers ((20) ___ whom eventually left him to develop their own psychoanalytic theories) and a secure place in history.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

15. ________________________________ 16. _______________________________ 19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 6

Compound dictation

Alzheimer’s disease, (1) ___ of dementia, is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain in which nerve cells (2) ___ for unknown reasons. Its first symptoms usually involve (3) ___ about recent event. As the disease advances, it results in great impairment of memory, (4) ___.

The rate of progression of Alzheimer’s varies, (5) ___; the average length of time from onset of symptoms until death is 8 years. Eventually, affected individuals (6) ___ care for themselves and become (7) ___ for the lungs, urinary tract, or other organs as they grow (8) ___.

Alzheimer’s disease affects (9) ___ Americans, striking men and women of (10) ___. Although most people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s are older than 60, some cases occur in people (11) ___. By age 65, an estimated 10 percent of the population has affected by Alzheimer’s, and the disease affects (12) ___ over 85. In the United States, annual costs of diagnosis, treatment, and (13) ___are estimated at $100 billion.

Diagnosis involves (14) ___ that may include a complete health history, a physical examination, neurological and (15) ___, and other testing as needed. Skilled (16) ___ can generally diagnose Alzheimer’s with about 90 percent accuracy.

Treatments for (17) ___ symptoms are available, but no intervention has yet been developed that prevents Alzheimer’s or (18) ___. Providing care for people with Alzheimer’s is (19) ___ demanding. Nearly 70 percent of affected individuals live at home, where (20) ___ care for them. In advanced stages of the disease, many individuals require care in a nursing home.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

15. ________________________________ 16. _______________________________ 19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 7

Compound dictation

In Australia, there are 40 universities, ((1) ___ and 3 private universities.) All universities (2) ___ the Australian authorities, which ensure that all universities (3) ___ of quality insurance and the degrees which are awarded from Australian universities (4) ___ the Australian qualification framework. So all the degrees (5) ___ in Australia are nationally and internationally recognized. In fact, during the Chinese president Hu Jintao’s (6) ___, the two countries had the signing of an arrangement of higher education (7) ___. That’s the further strengthening of (8) ___ Chinese students to go to Australia to (9) ___ and to be confident about the recognition of higher education qualification.

Any student who has the chance of (10) ___ should make the best of that opportunity. So don’t just (11) ___ the academic life of being a student but take the opportunity to (12) ___ or part-time job. The Australian government allows international students to (13) ___ per week. Many students take the part-time job because it gives them (14) ___ different environment and different part of life they might not otherwise experience. Many students like the (15) ___ because it offers them some exposure to real Australian family life. As you know, universities and other places these days provide (16) ___ support services and advice on finding a dorm, or banking. So (17) ___ these services, and if the students have (18) ___ their studies or their assignment, maybe they are lonely, they should (19) ___ people about it because these services (20) ___ and they shouldn’t think they are on their own.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

15. ________________________________ 16. _______________________________ 19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 8

Compound dictation

The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare’s time (1) ___ have been about 5 million. Today it is estimated that some (2) ___ speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, the Great Britain, (3) ___ and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are (4) ___ varieties of the language, as well as (5) ___ that are employed both in (6) ___ forms.

It is (7) ___ to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English (8) ___ their own languages. The purposes for which English is learned and the situation in which such learning takes place are (9) ___ it is difficult to define and still (10) ___ what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.

The main reason for (11) ___ for English is its present-day importance (12) ___. Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which (13) ___ in science, technology and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is (14) ___ such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, (15) ___, and the dissemination of information over the radio and television networks of (16) ____. It is a language of wider communication for (17) ___, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have (18) ___ and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government, commerce industry, (19) ___ as well as international communication and (20) ___ development in the west.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

Unit 9

Compound dictation

Venice (1) ___ its many bridges, but one in particular attracts tourists, as once it (2) ___ the hearts of criminals.

The Bridge of Signs connected the courtrooms in the Doges’ Palace to the (3) ___ – completed at the beginning of the 17th century – (4) ___.

It had already been ordered (5) ___ when the infamous prisons of the palace were judged to be (6) ___.

Ponte and then Contin built the bridge, (7) ___ the Bridge of Sighs. It is built of Istrian stone with (8) ___ lengthwise divided by a wall. The condemned (9) ___ the bridge.

The fearful prisons of the Doges’ Palace were (10) ___: both the 18 dungeons of the wells (11) ___, and the lead cells (12) ___.

The latter (13) ___ the fact that the ceiling was plated in lead. In both of these prisons, damp, extremely narrow and unhealthy, the prisoners (14) ___ on earth.

Usually they were brought here after (15) ___ in the “Room of Torments”, as we learn from (16)___ of Casanova, libertine and traveler, condemned for licentious conduct and (17) ___.

Casanova (18) ___ in 1756. Even today, amidst all the splendors of the palace we can still see the lions’ mouths in which were slipped the odious (19) ___ of informers. On the prison walls, you can still read the prisoners’ (20) ___.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 10

Compound dictation

There are (1) ___ juvenile delinquents. One is the status offender. This is a young person who (2) ___, has run away from home, has not (3) ___ parents’ rules, or has done (4) ___ that is ordinarily not considered criminal – except when done by a minor. If Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn were (5) ___ today, he would fit into this category perfectly.

The second kind of juvenile delinquent is one who has done something that is considered a crime no matter who commits it – like (6) ___. If the young person is under the age of 16 or 18, (7) ___ the different states, he or she is usually (8) ___an adult criminal. The court proceedings will probably not be public, the offender (9) ___ tried and sentenced by (10) ___, and the sentence is usually (11) ___. However, for some particularly violent crimes, minors (12) ___.

In recent years, arrests of people (13) ___. People in this age group (14) ___ a disproportionately high share of certain kinds of crimes. Boys are much more likely than girls to (15) ___ with the law: for years, 4 or 5 boys were arrested for every girl. More recently (16) ___ to 3.5 to 1; but crime rates among girls (17) ___ rates among boys only for such status offenses as running away from home, incorrigibility, and engaging in sexual intercourse. Boys commit more of virtually all other offenses, (18) ___, and account for (19) ___ of juveniles in correctional institutions. The increase among girls of (20) ___ and running away from home apparently leads to the kinds of activities that support them, like shoplifting, robbery, larceny and prostitution.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 11

Compound dictation

Humanistic theories have (1) ___ promoting child-rearing approaches that respect every child’s uniqueness. Humanism is (2) ___ model of humankind. It goes deeper than behaviorism by considering internal factors, such as (3) ___. Humanistic theories (4) ___ people’s ability to take charge of their lives and (5) ___. Abraham Maslow was one important humanistic psychologist in history. He identified (6) ___ that motivate human behavior. According to Maslow, these needs operate on (7) ___, from basic survival up to the acme of (8) ___. People must meet their most elemental needs first before they can (9) ___ those on the next level, and so forth, until they reach (10) ___ of needs. Starving people, for example, will (11) ___ to obtain food; once they know they will live, they can (12) ___; once safe, they consider their need for love, and so forth. As (13) ___ of needs is addressed, people look to the next higher level. Maslow’s ideal is the “self-actualized person,” who (14) ___, attained by possibly 1 % of the world population.

A self-actualized person displays high levels of (15) ___: perception of reality; acceptance of self, of others, and of nature; spontaneity; (16) ___; self-direction; detachment and the desire for privacy; (17) ___ and richness of emotional reaction; frequency of peak experiences; identification with other human beings; (18) ___ with other people; a democratic character structure; creativity; and (19) ___. No one ever become completely self-actualized, but the person who is developing (20) ___ is always moving up to levels that are even more self-fulfilling.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Unit 12

Compound dictation

In the United States, accidents are now (1) ___ death in childhood. At the top of the tragic list are deaths (2) ___. Today, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have laws requiring young children (3) ___ in cars, either in specially designed seats or by standard seat belts. Such laws are important: children not in restraints are 11 times (4) ___ in a car accident than children who are restrained.

Legislation, however, does not ensure that children will use seat belts. Many children do not like them, and parents (5) ___. A recent study, however, found that children whose preschool teachers use (6) ___ to stress the importance of seat belts will, in fact, insist not only that they are buckled in, but that their parents (7) ___ as well. Educating children brought better results than threatening parents with police checks and fines.

Most other accidents occur (8) ___: children drown in bathtubs and pools as well as (9) ___; are burned in fires and explosions; drink (10) ___ ; choke on loose parts of toys; shoot each other playing with loaded guns; (11) ___; get caught in mechanical contrivances; and suffocate in unexpected traps (12) ___.

Children are naturally venturesome and (13) ___. Their innocence puts (14) ___ parents and other caretakers, who must tread a delicate line between not protecting children and smothering them. The greatest burden, though, should be (15) ___. Federal laws have already been passed requiring “child-proof” caps on medicine bottles, and (16) ___ between bars on cribs to prevent babies from (17) ___.

One ironic development followed (18) ___ requiring children’s sleepwear to be made flame-retardant. Further research suggested that the chemicals originally (19) ___ the sleepwear might be carcinogenic, posing a different hazard. Thus, concerned citizens must be (20) ___ protect children.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

Unit 13

Compound dictation

Both abuse and neglect often have (1) ___. Teenagers who failed to thrive in infancy are likely to have (2) ___ physical, intellectual and emotional problems, (3) ___ the emotional neglect they suffered. Adults who were sexually abused when they were children are often (4) ___, angry, hostile, or aggressive. They frequently suffer from low self-esteem, are (5) ___, and feel isolated and stigmatized. Not surprisingly, they tend to be sexually maladjusted themselves. They (6) ___ self-destructive behavior like drug abuse, or (7) __ like crime and they are likely to be raped or sexually assaulted as adults.

Abuse is (8) ___ if a non-abusive parent is unsupportive on hearing of it, if the child is (9) ___, and if the child has suffered from more than one type of abuse. Many abused and neglected babies are (10) ___, especially if there is a supportive grandparent or (11) ___ to whom the baby can form an attachment. Two-thirds of abused children go on to (12) ___ their own children, only one-third perpetuate (13) ___. Those who become good parents are likely to have had more people (14) ___ to whom they could turn for help, and they are more likely to have (15) ___ or love relationship in adulthood. They are more openly angry about and better able to (16) ___ of abuse. Furthermore, they are more likely to have been abused by only one parent and to have had a loving, supportive relationship with (17) ___.

Growing up to become an abuser is far from (18) ___ of being abused as a child. The expectation that the one always causes the other seems to (19) ___ a self-fulfilling prophecies in some cases; in other cases, parents who have broken the cycle feel like “walking time bombs,” (20) ___ into violence against their own children.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

Unit 14

Compound dictation

Parents, of course, (1) ___ the culture they have grown up in and so will treat (2) ___. The differences in their treatment of sons and daughters are (3) ___ in early childhood than in infancy.

Parents tend to socialize boys (4) ___ girls – to punish them more, but also to (5) ___ them more. Parents are more likely to (6) ___ like real boys and avoid acting like girls than they are to pressure girls to (7) ___ and act in feminine ways. Girls have had (8 ) ___ in the clothes they wear, the games they play, and the people they play with.

Why do many adults seem to (9) ___ boys? Even in this supposedly enlightened age, many parents seem to think that boys are (10) ___ and that it therefore matters more (11) ___. It is also possible, however, that boys’ (12) ___ parents’ guidance demands more attention. No matter what the cause of this different treatment, its result is the accentuation of (13) ___ between males and females. This attitude seems to be changing (14) ___ in society change.

Young children also get message about “sex-appropriate” behavior from differences (15) ___ their mothers and fathers act. Fathers, more than mothers, engage in (16) ___ and encourage children’s performance on tasks. They also dominate conversation more, telling their children what to do and interrupting them more often. (17) ___, children observe two different styles of behavior – and (18) ___ identification are likely to (19) ___ the same-sex parent. Changing parents’ attitudes (20) ___, but it should be done.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

Unit 15

Compound dictation

The Geneva Conventions are (1) ___ governing the protection of civilians (2) ___, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the care of the wounded and sick (3) ___. The first convention, covering the sick and wounded, was concluded in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864; it was (4) ___ in 1906. A third convention, in 1929, covered prisoners of war. Outrange at the treatment of prisoners and civilians (5) ___ by some belligerents, notably Germany and Japan, (6) ___, in August, 1949, of 4 new conventions. Three of these restated and strengthened the previous conventions, and the fourth (7) ___ of international law governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

The 1949 convention for civilians provided for (8) ___ for the following categories of people: wounded persons, children under 15 years of age, (9) ___, and the elderly. Discrimination was forbidden on (10) ___ grounds. Torture, collective punishment, reprisals, the unwarranted (11) ___ and the forced use of civilians for an occupier’s armed forces (12) ___ under the 1949 conventions.

Also included in the new 1949 treaties was (13) ___ humanely, feed them adequately, and (14) ___ to them. They were not to be forced to disclose more than (15) ___.

More countries (16) ___ all or most of the humanitarian conventions as binding. A nation is not free to withdraw its ratification of the convention during the wartime. However, there is no (17) ___ to apprehend, or to punish violators.

Officials in Switzerland scheduled a meeting on (18) ___ with representatives from different nations to (19) ___ on how to apply the principles of the Geneva Conventions to (20) ___.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

19. ________________________________ 20. _______________________________

Unit 16

Compound dictation

The nuclear bomb was used as a weapon (1) ___, last time in the bombing of Japan that ended World War II. The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (2) ___ , each equivalent to some 20,000 tons of TNT, destroyed a large part of both cities and killed (3) ___. After that, the balance of power in the world and (4) ___ deterred the small body of nuclear nations from using the weapon again.

Nuclear weapons rank among (5) ___ potentially available to terrorists. The more powerful devices among today’s (6) ___ are many times more destructive than the bombs that hit Japan. Besides their direct damage, they (7) ___ – which if it does not kill quickly may cause disease and (8) ___. However, such weapons are generally kept (9) ___. Terrorists would find it difficult to acquire one – though not necessarily impossible; they might steal one, or (10) ___, or get it from a nation willing to use terrorism to (11) ___.

Concerns over the security of these nuclear devices (12) ___ particularly about Pakistan, where Muslim extremists enjoy (13) ___, and the Russia, which inherited (14) ___ formidable Soviet arsenal after the Soviet Union’s 1991 disintegration but found it difficult to finance (15) ___. It was claimed that in 1997 that 84 “suitcase” nuclear devices were found (16) ___ in the 1990s, though some senior Russian officials have denied this. These (17) ___ could produce an explosion (18) ___ perhaps 1,000 tons of TNT, with a blast radius of 1,600 feet. The al-Qaeda terrorist network (19) ___ heavily on efforts to acquire portable nuclear devices from (20) ___.

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

5. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________

9. ____________________________ 10. ___________________________

13. ____________________________ 14. ___________________________

17. ____________________________ 18. ___________________________

Tapescripts

Unit I

Compound dictation

In 1979, China adopted an official policy of limiting families to one child each, especially in the urban areas. The authorities are intensely serious about this aim, since China’s exploding population has had severe effects: not enough places in classrooms for all its children, especially in the remote rural areas, where Project Hope was launched later, not enough job opportunities for adults (redundancy proves to be a very serious problem nowadays), not even enough food for everyone (the famine in 1960’s is still the reminiscent in people’s mind). To lower the birthrate, family-planning workers oversee factory workshops and agricultural brigades, and special birth control departments come into existence in every inhabited area. Furthermore, the policy goes beyond using public campaigns and rewards, such as housing, money, childcare, schooling priorities, to induce voluntary compliance. People who have children without permission are fined and denied job promotions and bonuses, although recent reports indicate some easing of controls.

As a result, the nursery schools, kindergartens, early elementary grades of China are already filled with children who have no brothers and sisters. This situation marks a great change in Chinese society, in which newly-wed couples were traditionally congratulated with the wish, “May you have a hundred sons and a thousand grandsons.” No culture in human history has ever been composed entirely of only children. And now that the Chinese are seeing the possibility of achieving their population goal, some critics are asking whether they are sowing the seeds of their own destruction.

Compared with all children who have siblings, only children are superior in intelligence, achievement, character, and quality of relationships with parents, and they are sociable and well adjusted. They are more intelligent and achieve more than later-born children in medium-sized families. They rate higher on character than people from medium-sized and traditional extended families, and have better relationships with their parents than children in large families do.

Key

1. an official policy 3. exploding population 5. a very serious problem 7. lower the birthrate 9. public campaign and rewards 11. are fined and denied 13. no brothers and sisters

2. in the urban areas

4. in the remote rural areas 6. the famine in the 1960’s 8. come into existence 10. schooling priorities 12. easing of controls 14. newly-wed couples

15. composed entirely of 16. sowing the seeds

17. superior in intelligence, achievement 18. more than later-born children 19. rate higher on 20. traditional extended families

Unit 2

Compound dictation

Chocolate is one of the most popular snack foods in the United States. The average American eats about 6 kilos each year, but it is even more popular in Europe, where people in some countries eat about twice that amount.

A new exhibit in Chicago traces the history of chocolate and its role in culture, economy and the environment. Chicago considers itself the candy capital of the United States because of the large number of manufacturers located there.

Now, those who want to learn more about where many people’s favorite candy – chocolate – comes from, need only head to the new chocolate exhibit at the Natural History Museum in Chicago. Chocolate is an ideal topic for an exhibition. It is something we eat all of the time, it is something we love, we crave and yet it’s strange that we don’t know where it comes from.

Chocolate began to spread throughout Europe in the 1600’s. In 1657, the first chocolate house opened in London. It is similar to today’s café. By 1700, there were in the vicinity of 2,000 chocolate houses in the city. Chocolate became the preferred drink in Italy. Some historians think the poison that killed the Pope in 1774 was concealed in chocolate. Chocolate appeared in its familiar candy form in England and Switzerland in the late 1800’s.

Consumption of chocolate is not very high in parts of the world where it is grown. In part, it brings in much-needed income, but it is also considered a luxury. The interesting fact behind that is that many of the people who manufacture chocolate, grow chocolate and produce chocolate, are ones who can’t afford it. It still is a very expensive product in many of the countries producing it for us today. Key

1. snack foods 2. 6 kilos per year 3. twice that amount 4. traces the history 5. culture, economy and the environment 6. candy capital of 7. the large number of 8. only head to 9. an ideal topic 10. it’s strange 11. throughout Europe 12. similar to 13. in the vicinity of 14. preferred drink 15. concealed in chocolate 16. in the late 1800’s 17. where it is grown 18. considered a luxury

19. can’t afford it

Unit 3

20. in many of the countries

Compound dictation

A personal computer, or PC, is a relatively small computer used by one person at a time. Portable PCs compact enough to fit on a person’s lap are known as laptops or notebooks. Special software called the operating systems enables you to operate the computer system’s physical parts, or hardware. The most common operating systems used on PCs are Microsoft Windows, the Macintosh and Linux.

The heart of a PC is its microprocessor, or central processing unit (CPU in short), contained on a chip of silicon. The microprocessor carries out arithmetic and logic operations specified by computer programs. PCs have several places where data and instructions are kept.

The Internet is a vast computer network of computer networks. In 1994, a total of 3 million people worldwide made use of it. As of early 2002, according to Nielsen, 166 million Americans had access to the Internet from their homes, the largest number of any country in the world. China, with more than 56 million, was in the 2nd place. In terms of percentage of households with Internet access, Canada, at more than 60%, was number 1. According to estimates by Global Reach in early 2002, English was the native language of 2/5 of the roughly 560 million people online: the 2nd-most-common language was Chinese, with nearly 10%.

According to the Nielsen data, as of early 2002, the US and Canada were the only Internet markets where females online outnumbered males, although in New Zealand the split between the sexes was almost 50-50. A Digital Marketing Services survey found that American mothers averaged about 1/3 more time online per week than American teenagers.

As of June 2002, the search engine company FAST claimed that its ALLTHEWEB.com engine had indexed the most Web pages – 2.1 billion, slightly more than runner-up Google. The total size of the Web, according to search engine developer BrightPlanet, lies in the hundreds of billions of pages.

By December 1996, about 627,000 Internet domain names had been registered. By mid-2002, more than 30 million had been registered. Key

1. a relatively small 3. are known as 5. most common 7. arithmetic and logic 9. a vast computer network of 11. had access to

2. compact enough 4. enables you to

6. central processing unit 8. data and instructions 10. a total of 3 million

12. In terms of percentage of households

13. native language of 2/5 14. as of early 2002 15. outnumbered males 16. about 1/3 more time 17. search engine company 18. slightly more than runner-up 19.the hundreds of billions of 20. domain names

Unit 4

Compound dictation

The modern Olympic Games, first held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, were the result of efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator, to promote interest in education and culture and to foster better international understanding through love of athletics. His source of inspiration was the ancient Greek Olympic Games, most notable of the 4 Panhellenic celebrations. The games were combined patriotic, religious, and athletic festivals held every 4 years. The first such recorded festival was held in 776 BC, the date from which the Greeks began to keep the calendar by “Olympiads”, or 4-year spans between the games.

Baron de Coubertin enlisted 13 nations to send athletes to the first modern Olympics in 1896; now athletes from nearly 200 nations and regions in the world compete in the summer Olympics. The winter Olympics was started in France, in 1924.

The first Olympic Games for the disabled were held in Rome after the 1960 summer Olympics, use of the name “paralympic” began with the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Paralympics are held by the Olympic host country in the same year and usually the same city or venue. A goal of the Paralympics is to provide the elite competition to athletes with functional disabilities that prevent their involvement in the Olympic Games.

On the Olympic flag there are 5 rings, linked together to represent the sporting friendship of all peoples. They also symbolize 5 geographic areas – Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. Each ring has a different color – blue, yellow, black, green and red. The creed of Olympics is that the most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well. The motto is “swifter, higher, stronger.” The modern version of the flame was adopted in 1936. The torch used to kindle it is first lit by the sun’s rays at Mt. Olympia, Greece, and carried to the site of the Games by relays of runners. Ships and planes are used when necessary.

Key

1. first held in Athens, Greece 2. a French educator 3. to foster better international understanding 4. most notable 5. held every 4 years 6. began to keep 7. between the games 8. enlisted 13 nations 9. 200 nations and regions 10. in France, in 1924

11. for the disabled 13. prevent their involvement in 15. blue, yellow, black, green and red 17. not the triumph but the struggle 19. used to kindle it

Unit 5

12. usually the same city or venue 14. 5 geographic areas

16. not to win but to take part 18. swifter, higher, stronger 20. to the site of the Games

Compound dictation

Sigmund Freud saw the human personality as made up of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud’s life spanned the second half of the 19th century, and most of the first half of the 20th. Like all of us, Freud was in many ways a product of his upbringing and of the times in which he lived. As the eldest of 8 children and his mother’s favorite, he set his sights high at an early age. He graduated from the medical school of the University of Vienna, planning to do scientific research. However, as a Jew, he had limited opportunities, as a husband and father, he had pressing financial needs. Therefore, he went into the private practice of medicine, specializing in treating nervous disorders, at that time a new branch of medicine.

Freud tried to help his patient – mostly middle-aged, upper-middle-class Viennese women – through hypnosis. When this proved ineffective, he applied the “talking cure” technique into what we now know as psychoanalysis. As Freud listened to his patients talk about their experiences and their problems, he began to realize some common threads: the lifelong influence of experiences in early childhood, the existence and importance of infantile sexuality, the significance of dreams, the way much of our lives is ruled by deeply-rooted elements of which we are not consciously aware, on the basis of these and other observations, he formulated his theories, sometimes illustration his points by writing up individual case histories.

Freud’s notions shocked Victorian society – especially his claim that infants were sexual beings and that their powerful sexual urges establish lifelong personality patterns. However, the originality of his ideas, the force of his personality, and the persuasiveness of his writing won him many followers (a number of whom eventually left him to develop their own psychoanalytic theories) and a secure place in history.

Key

1. made up of 2. Like all of us 3. in which he lived 4. set his sights high 5. graduated from 6. do scientific research 7. limited opportunities 8. pressing financial needs 9. specializing in 10. mostly middle-aged 11. talking cure 12. their experiences and their problems

13. the lifelong influence 15. deeply-rooted elements 17. individual case histories 19. the originality of his ideas

Unit 6

14. the significance of dreams 16. on the basis of

18. especially his claim 20. a number of

Compound dictation

Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain in which nerve cells deteriorate and die for unknown reasons. Its first symptoms usually involve impaired memory and confusion about recent event. As the disease advances, it results in great impairment of memory, thinking, behavior, and physical health.

The rate of progression of Alzheimer’s varies, ranging from 3 to 20 years; the average length of time from onset of symptoms until death is 8 years. Eventually, affected individuals lose their ability to care for themselves and become susceptible to infections for the lungs, urinary tract, or other organs as they grow progressively more debilitated.

Alzheimer’s disease affects an estimated 4 million Americans, striking men and women of all ethnic groups. Although most people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s are older than 60, some cases occur in people in their 40s and 50s. By age 65, an estimated 10 percent of the population has affected by Alzheimer’s, and the disease affects almost half of those over 85. In the United States, annual costs of diagnosis, treatment, and long-term care are estimated at $100 billion.

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive evaluation that may include a complete health history, a physical examination, neurological and mental status assessments, and other testing as needed. Skilled healthcare professionals can generally diagnose Alzheimer’s with about 90 percent accuracy.

Treatments for cognitive and behavioral symptoms are available, but no intervention has yet been developed that prevents Alzheimer’s or reverses its course. Providing care for people with Alzheimer’s is physically and psychologically demanding. Nearly 70 percent of affected individuals live at home, where family or friends care for them. In advanced stages of the disease, many individuals require care in a nursing home.

Key

1. the most common form of 3. impaired memory and confusion 5. ranging from 3 to 20 years 7. susceptible to infections 9. an estimated 4 million

2. deteriorate and die

4. thinking, behavior and physical health 6. lose their ability to

8. progressively more debilitated 10. all ethnic groups

11. in their 40s and 50s 13. long-term care 15. mental status assessment 17. cognitive and behavioral 19. physically and psychologically

Unit 7

12. almost half of those

14. a comprehensive evaluation 16. healthcare professionals 18. reverses its course 20. family or friend

Compound dictation

In Australia, there are 40 universities, (37 public universities and 3 private universities.) All universities are regulated by the Australian authorities, which ensure that all universities operate with high level of quality insurance and the degrees which are awarded from Australian universities are part of the Australian qualification framework. So all the degrees issued in higher education in Australia are nationally and internationally recognized. In fact, during the Chinese president Hu Jintao’s visit to Australia, the two countries had the signing of an arrangement of higher education qualification recognition. That’s the further strengthening of the opportunity for Chinese students to go to Australia to further their studies and to be confident about the recognition of higher education qualification.

Any student who has the chance of studying abroad should make the best of that opportunity. So don’t just be involved in the academic life of being a student but take the opportunity to do some sightseeing or part-time job. The Australian government allows international students to work for up to 20 hours per week. Many students take the part-time job because it gives them exposure to different environment and different part of life they might not otherwise experience. Many students like the home-stay arrangement because it offers them some exposure to real Australian family life. As you know, universities and other places these days provide a very good range of support services and advice on finding a dorm, or banking. So make full use of these services, and if the students have any problems with their studies or their assignment, maybe they are lonely, they should go on to talk with people about it because these services are available and they shouldn’t think they are on their own. Key

1. 37 public universities 2. are regulated 3. operate with high level 4. are part of 5. issued in higher education 6. visit to Australia 7. qualification recognition 8. the opportunity for 9. further their studies 10. studying abroad 11. be involved in 12. do some sightseeing 13. work for up to 20 hours 14. exposure to 15. home-stay arrangement 16. a very good range of

17. make full use of 18. any problems with 19. go on to talk with 20. are available

Unit 8

Compound dictation

The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare’s time is estimated to have been about 5 million. Today it is estimated that some 300 million people speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, the Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language, as well as various levels of usage that are employed both in spoken and written forms.

It is virtually impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own languages. The purposes for which English is learned and the situation in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.

The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of the most important works in science, technology and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international conferences, and the dissemination of information over the radio and television networks of many nations and regions. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government, commerce industry, law and education as well as international communication and for access to the scientific and technological development in the west. Key

1. is estimated to 2. 300 million people

3. Ireland, South Africa, Australia 4. a great many regional and social 5. various levels of usage 6. spoken and written 7. virtually impossible 8. in addition to 9. so varied that 10. more difficult to assess 11. the widespread demand 12. as a world language 13. some of the most important works 14. widely used for 15. international conferences 16. many nations and regions

17. a number of developing countries 18. multilingual population 19. law and education 20. for access to scientific and technological

Unit 9

Compound dictation

Venice is famous for its many bridges, but one in particular attracts tourists, as once it brought fear to the hearts of criminals.

The Bridge of Signs connected the courtrooms in the Doges’ Palace to the nearby new prisons – completed at the beginning of the 17th century – over the canal.

It had already been ordered in the 16th century when the infamous prisons of the palace were judged to be too narrow and unhealthy.

Ponte and then Contin built the bridge, later to be called the Bridge of Sighs. It is built of Istrian stone with internal corridors lengthwise divided by a wall. The condemned had to cross the bridge.

The fearful prisons of the Doges’ Palace were still in use: both the 18 dungeons of the wells on the ground floor, and the lead cells under the roof.

The latter got its name from the fact that the ceiling was plated in lead. In both of these prisons, damp, extremely narrow and unhealthy, the prisoners lived out a hell on earth.

Usually they were brought here after being tortured in the “Room of Torments”, as we learn from the well-known memoirs of Casanova, libertine and traveler, condemned for licentious conduct and insults to religion.

Casanova made a spectacular escape in 1756. Even today, amidst all the splendors of the palace we can still see the lions’ mouths in which were slipped the odious anonymous letters of informers. On the prison walls, you can still read the prisoners’ dramatic messages. Key

1. is famous for 2. brought fear to 3. nearby new prisons 4. over the canal 5. in the 16th century 6. too narrow and unhealthy 7. later to be called 8. internal corridors 9. had to cross 10. still in use 11. on the ground floor 12. under the roof 13. got its name from 14. lived out a hell 15. being tortured 16. the well-known memoirs 17. insults to religion 18. made a spectacular escape 19. anonymous letters 20. dramatic messages

Unit 10

Compound dictation

There are two kinds of juvenile delinquents. One is the status offender. This is a young person who have been truant, has run away from home, has not abided by parents’ rules, or has done something else that is ordinarily not considered criminal – except when done by a minor. If Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn were alive and active today, he would fit into this category perfectly.

The second kind of juvenile delinquent is one who has done something that is considered a crime no matter who commits it – like robbery, rape, or murder. If the young person is under the age of 16 or 18, depending on the different states, he or she is usually treated differently from an adult criminal. The court proceedings will probably not be public, the offender is likely to be tried and sentenced by a judge rather than a jury, and the sentence is usually more lenient. However, for some particularly violent crimes, minors may be tried as adults.

In recent years, arrests of people under 18 rose by 4%. People in this age group are responsible for a disproportionately high share of certain kinds of crimes. Boys are much more likely than girls to get into trouble with the law: for years, 4 or 5 boys were arrested for every girl. More recently the ratio has dropped to 3.5 to 1; but crime rates among girls are similar to rates among boys only for such status offenses as running away from home, incorrigibility, and engaging in sexual intercourse. Boys commit more of virtually all other offenses, especially violent offenses, and account for more than 90% of juveniles in correctional institutions. The increase among girls of such behaviors as drug abuse and running away from home apparently leads to the kinds of activities that support them, like shoplifting, robbery, larceny and prostitution.

Key

1. two kinds of 2. have been truant 3. abided by 4. something else 5. alive and active 6. robbery, rape, or murder 7. depending on 8. treated differently from 9. is likely to be 10. a judge rather than a jury 11. more lenient 12. may be tried as adults 13. under 18 rose by 4% 14. are responsible for 15. get into trouble 16. the ratio has dropped 17.are similar to 18. especially violent offenses 19. more than 90% 20. such behaviors as drug abuse

Unit 11

Compound dictation

Humanistic theories have made a valuable contribution to promoting child-rearing approaches that respect every child’s uniqueness. Humanism is optimistic, positive model of humankind. It goes deeper than behaviorism by considering internal factors, such as feelings, values and hopes. Humanistic theories put emphasis on people’s ability to take charge of their lives and foster their own development. Abraham Maslow was one important humanistic psychologist in history. He identified a hierarchy of needs that motivate human behavior. According to Maslow, these needs operate on a number of levels, from basic survival up to the acme of psychological fulfillment. People must meet their most elemental needs first before they can strive to meet those on the next level, and so forth, until they reach the highest order of needs. Starving people, for example, will take great risks to obtain food; once they know they will live, they can worry about personal safety; once safe, they consider their need for love, and so forth. As each succeeding layer of needs is addressed, people look to the next higher level. Maslow’s ideal is the “self-actualized person,” who fulfills the loftiest level, attained by possibly 1 % of the world population.

A self-actualized person displays high levels of all the following characteristics: perception of reality; acceptance of self, of others, and of nature; spontaneity; problem-solving ability; self-direction; detachment and the desire for privacy; freshness of appreciation and richness of emotional reaction; frequency of peak experiences; identification with other human beings; satisfying and changing relationships with other people; a democratic character structure; creativity; and a sense of values. No one ever become completely self-actualized, but the person who is developing in a healthy way is always moving up to levels that are even more self-fulfilling. Key

1. made a valuable contribution to 2. optimistic, positive 3. feelings, values, and hopes 4. put emphasis on 5. foster their own development 6. a hierarchy of needs 7. a number of levels 8. psychological fulfillment 9. strive to meet 10. the highest order 11. take great risks 12. worry about personal safety 13. each succeeding layer 14. fulfills the loftiest level 15. all the following characteristics 16. problem-solving ability 17. freshness of appreciation 18. satisfying and changing 19. a sense of values 20. in a healthy way

Unit 12

Compound dictation

In the United States, accidents are now the leading cause of death in childhood. At the top of the tragic list are deaths due to automobile accidents. Today, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have laws requiring young children to be restrained in cars, either in specially designed seats or by standard seat belts. Such laws are important: children not in restraints are 11 times more likely to die in a car accident than children who are restrained.

Legislation, however, does not ensure that children will use seat belts. Many children do not like them, and parents often give in. A recent study, however, found that children whose preschool teachers use songs, cartoons, and other aids to stress the importance of seat belts will, in fact, insist not only that they are buckled in, but that their parents fasten safety belts as well. Educating children brought better results than threatening parents with police checks and fines.

Most other accidents occur in and around the home: children drown in bathtubs and pools as well as lakes, rivers and oceans; are burned in fires and explosions; drink poisonous substances; choke on loose parts of toys; shoot each other playing with loaded guns; fall from heights; get caught in mechanical contrivances; and suffocate in unexpected traps like abandoned refrigerators.

Children are naturally venturesome and unaware of danger. Their innocence puts a large burden on parents and other caretakers, who must tread a delicate line between not protecting children and smothering them. The greatest burden, though, should be one society at large. Federal laws have already been passed requiring “child-proof” caps on medicine bottles, and minimum spacing between bars on cribs to prevent babies from getting caught and strangling.

One ironic development followed the passage of a national law requiring children’s sleepwear to be made flame-retardant. Further research suggested that the chemicals originally used in fireproofing the sleepwear might be carcinogenic, posing a different hazard. Thus, concerned citizens must be eternally vigilant to protect children.

Key

1. the leading cause of 2. due to automobile accidents 3. to be restrained 4. more likely to die 5. often give in 6. songs, cartoons, and other aids 7. fasten safety belts 8. in and around the home 9. lakes, rivers and oceans 10. poisonous substances 11. fall from heights 12. like abandoned refrigerator 13. unaware of danger 14. a large burden on 15. one society at large 16. minimum spacing 17. getting caught and strangling 18. the passage of a national law

19. used in fireproofing

Unit 13

20. be eternally vigilant to

Compound dictation

Both abuse and neglect often have grave long-term consequences. Teenagers who failed to thrive in infancy are likely to have a variety of physical, intellectual and emotional problems, apparently due to the emotional neglect they suffered. Adults who were sexually abused when they were children are often fearful, anxious, depressed, angry, hostile, or aggressive. They frequently suffer from low self-esteem, are unable to trust people, and feel isolated and stigmatized. Not surprisingly, they tend to be sexually maladjusted themselves. They often engage in self-destructive behavior like drug abuse, or antisocial behavior like crime and they are likely to be raped or sexually assaulted as adults.

Abuse is most traumatic if a non-abusive parent is unsupportive on hearing of it, if the child is removed from the home, and if the child has suffered from more than one type of abuse. Many abused and neglected babies are surprisingly resilient, especially if there is a supportive grandparent or other family member to whom the baby can form an attachment. Two-thirds of abused children go on to take good care of their own children, only one-third perpetuate the vicious cycle of abuse. Those who become good parents are likely to have had more people caring for them to whom they could turn for help, and they are more likely to have a happy union or love relationship in adulthood. They are more openly angry about and better able to describe their own experience of abuse. Furthermore, they are more likely to have been abused by only one parent and to have had a loving, supportive relationship with one parent or a foster parent.

Growing up to become an abuser is far from an inevitable result of being abused as a child. The expectation that the one always causes the other seems to have led to a self-fulfilling prophecies in some cases; in other cases, parents who have broken the cycle feel like “walking time bombs,” ready to explode into violence against their own children. Key

1. grave long-term consequences 2. a variety of 3. apparently due to 4. fearful, anxious, depressed 5. unable to trust people 6. often engage in 7. antisocial behavior 8. most traumatic 9. removed from the home 10. surprisingly resilient 11. other family member 12. take good care of 13. the vicious cycle of abuse 14. caring for them

15. a happy union 17. one parent or a foster parent 19. to have led to

Unit 14

16. describe their own experience 18. an inevitable result 20. ready to explode

Compound dictation

Parents, of course, are influenced by the culture they have grown up in and so will treat sons and daughters differently. The differences in their treatment of sons and daughters are even more pronounced in early childhood than in infancy.

Parents tend to socialize boys more intensely than girls – to punish them more, but also to praise and encourage them more. Parents are more likely to pressure boys to act like real boys and avoid acting like girls than they are to pressure girls to avoid masculine behavior and act in feminine ways. Girls have had much more freedom in the clothes they wear, the games they play, and the people they play with.

Why do many adults seem to show more interest in boys? Even in this supposedly enlightened age, many parents seem to think that boys are more important and that it therefore matters more how they turn out. It is also possible, however, that boys’ greater resistance to parents’ guidance demands more attention. No matter what the cause of this different treatment, its result is the accentuation of personality differences between males and females. This attitude seems to be changing as adult roles in society change.

Young children also get message about “sex-appropriate” behavior from differences in the way their mothers and fathers act. Fathers, more than mothers, engage in active, physical play and encourage children’s performance on tasks. They also dominate conversation more, telling their children what to do and interrupting them more often. As a result, children observe two different styles of behavior – and in the process of identification are likely to adopt the style of the same-sex parent. Changing parents’ attitudes is often hard, but it should be done.

Key

1. are influenced by 3. even more pronounced 5. praise and encourage 7. avoid masculine behavior 9. show more interest in 11. how they turn out 13. personality differences 15. in the way 17. As a result 19. adopt the style of

2. sons and daughters differently 4. more intensely than 6. pressure boys to act 8. much more freedom 10. more important 12. greater resistance to 14. as adult roles

16. active, physical play 18. in the process of 20. is often hard

Unit 15

Compound dictation

The Geneva Conventions are 4 international treaties governing the protection of civilians in time of war, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the care of the wounded and sick in the armed forces. The first convention, covering the sick and wounded, was concluded in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864; it was amended and expanded in 1906. A third convention, in 1929, covered prisoners of war. Outrange at the treatment of prisoners and civilians during the World War II by some belligerents, notably Germany and Japan, prompted the conclusion, in August, 1949, of 4 new conventions. Three of these restated and strengthened the previous conventions, and the fourth codified general provisions of international law governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

The 1949 convention for civilians provided for special safeguards for the following categories of people: wounded persons, children under 15 years of age, pregnant women, and the elderly. Discrimination was forbidden on racial, religious, national, or political grounds. Torture, collective punishment, reprisals, the unwarranted destruction of property and the forced use of civilians for an occupier’s armed forces were also prohibited under the 1949 conventions.

Also included in the new 1949 treaties was a pledge to treat prisoners humanely, feed them adequately, and deliver relief suppliers to them. They were not to be forced to disclose more than minimal information.

More countries have formally accepted all or most of the humanitarian conventions as binding. A nation is not free to withdraw its ratification of the convention during the wartime. However, there is no permanent machinery in place to apprehend, or to punish violators.

Officials in Switzerland scheduled a meeting on January 27 to 29, 2003 with representatives from different nations to reach a possible consensus on how to apply the principles of the Geneva Conventions to the world of the early 21st century. Key

1. 4 international treaties 2. in time of war 3. in the armed forces 4. amended and expanded 5. during the World War II 6. prompted the conclusion 7. codified general provisions 8. special safeguard 9. pregnant women 10. racial, religious, national and political 11. destruction of property 12. were also prohibited 13. a pledge to treat prisoners 14. deliver relief suppliers 15. minimal information 16. have formally accepted

17. permanent machinery in place 19. reach a possible consensus

Unit 16

18. January 27 to 29, 2003

20. the world of the early 21st century

Compound dictation

The nuclear bomb was used as a weapon for the first and to date, last time in the bombing of Japan that ended World War II. The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, each equivalent to some 20,000 tons of TNT, destroyed a large part of both cities and killed more than 100,000 people within days. After that, the balance of power in the world and fears for massive retaliation deterred the small body of nuclear nations from using the weapon again.

Nuclear weapons rank among the most fearsome options potentially available to terrorists. The more powerful devices among today’s fission and fusion weapons are many times more destructive than the bombs that hit Japan. Besides their direct damage, they release radiation – which if it does not kill quickly may cause disease and a slow and painful death. However, such weapons are generally kept under tight control. Terrorists would find it difficult to acquire one – though not necessarily impossible; they might steal one, or buy it from corrupt officials, or get it from a nation willing to use terrorism to advance its foreign policy objectives.

Concerns over the security of these nuclear devices have been voiced particularly about Pakistan, where Muslim extremists enjoy significant popular support, and the Russia, which inherited the bulk of formidable Soviet arsenal after the Soviet Union’s 1991 disintegration but found it difficult to finance strict security procedures. It was claimed that in 1997 that 84 “suitcase” nuclear devices were found to be missing in the 1990s, though some senior Russian officials have denied this. These small portable bombs could produce an explosion equivalent to perhaps 1,000 tons of TNT, with a blast radius of 1,600 feet. The al-Qaeda terrorist network has reportedly spent heavily on efforts to acquire portable nuclear devices from the former Soviet Union.

Key

1. for the first and to date 2. in August 1945

3. more than 100,000 people within days 4. fears for massive retaliation 5. the most fearsome options 6. fission and fusion weapons 7. release radiation 8. a slow and painful death 9. under tight control 10.buy from corrupt officials 11. advance its foreign policy objectives 12. have been voiced 13. significant popular support 14. the bulk of 15. strict security procedures 16. to be missing 17. small portable bombs 18. equivalent to 19. has reportedly spent 20. the former Soviet Union

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