土木工程专业英语课后答案
Unite 2
2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .
（1）cross section 截面 （2）bending moment 弯矩
（3）live load 活载 （4）force due to gravity 重力
（5）building code 建筑规范 （6）functional design 功能设计
（7）nonstructural components 非结构构件 （8）Nonprofit organization非赢利组织
（9）the Uniform Building Code统一建筑规范 （10）the Standard Building Code标准建筑规范 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.
（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members.
建筑的结构设计，不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料，都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小，以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。
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（2）The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down.
建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。 （3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of members and their connections.
一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。
（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both.
然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。
（5）All of the loads mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.
目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。
（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects.
若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问题，我们必须考虑它的影响。
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（7）Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对 有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical. 由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害，因此，对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。 （8）A structural analysis of the effects of an earthquake requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake
分析地震对结构的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。
（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure
其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别，例如液体静压力和土压力。
（10）Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model” (典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs.
虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范，但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范，即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. （1）作用在结构上的力被称为荷载。
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The forces that act on a structure are called loads. （2）恒载就是固定不变的荷载，包括结构自身的重量。
Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself,
（3）活载不是恒载那样固定不变的活载，活载也可以是重力荷载。 Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead. loads.
（4）建筑规范不规定设计方法，但规定必须满足的设计要求和强制条件。
Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify the design
requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.
（5）与建筑规范不同，设计规范对结构构件及其连接的设计做了详细的指导。
In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the
design of structural members and their connections. Unite 4
2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .
（1）Sustained load 长期荷载 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝胶体
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