定义

1、Intercultural communicationp6

There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other-in other words, \communication.\Intercultural communication can help Interpretwhat foreigners mean. 2、Culture p13

A white farmer in Illinois, a black banker in New York and a Latino Walmart worker in Miami look different on the outside, but the ideas and information in their heads will have much in common. You could say they are three different bands of computers that look different on the outside, but have a lot of the same software and data. It is these shared ideas that make a group of people into a culture. A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. 3、Stereotypesp15

It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow. They give us the mistaken idea that a culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture.

4、Interpretation p24 对外国人进行揣摩

A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, the process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. Interpretation is a part of all communication-even the most simple conversations. The words only convey part of the meaning of the message, so you need to use other evidence to help you interpret what he means and decide how to respond. The way you interpret words and actions of individual foreigners will shape how you evaluate those people. 5、Individualist p32

Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as

individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6、Collectivist p32

Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.

7、Hierarchy p50

Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. On the other hand, however, most modern societies also believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. So each culture needs to find its own balance between hierarchy and equality. Western cultures try to de-emphasize differences in rank and power by creating as much appearance of equality as possible and emphasize egalitarian（平等主义） more than others.

8、Culture shock/fatigue文化冲击 P58

The constant effort and uncertainty of dealing with a foreign language and culture can lead to a condition called “culture shock/fatigue”. It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries. 9、High context 背景重要的文化（中日）

In collectivist cultures, people tend to communicate in a way that is more indirect and subtle, and listeners are expected to take more

responsibility for interpreting messages correctly. This communication style is called “high context” because people are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place-who the speaker is, where and why the conversation is taking place, body language, and so forth. They often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. People in high context cultures often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude. 10、Low context 背景不重要的文化

The way Westerners communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words Westerners tend to put most of their ideas and feelings into words, and then state these ideas and feelings plainly and openly. It is generally considered a good thing to “get to the point” and “say what you mean,” and it is largely the speaker’s responsibility to ensure that his/her message is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand. This kind of communication style is sometimes called “low context” because people are expected to pay more attention to the words used in communication than to the context in which things are said. They expect others to “take them at their word”.

11、Projected cultural similarity (PCS)自以为是的文化相似性

Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, \all more or less the same\People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would. 12、loose culture （美国）

Loose cultures do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. Of course, such cultures have some consensus on what is and is not considered appropriate behavior, but the consensus is not very strong and there is often much disagreement. People in loose cultures also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. Even if people do not like the way others act or live, they will tend to tolerate it or accept it rather than punishing or criticizing those whose behavior deviates from the norms. This means there is less pressure on individuals within the

cultures to behave the same way most other people in the culture do. 13、Tight culture 文化一致性很强

Tight cultures expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture. People in tight cultures also tend to be relatively intolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. When people do not like the way others act or live, they will not tolerate it and even punish or criticize those whose behavior deviates from the norms. 14、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感

\at the center of the world and identify with one’s in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards. In other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act. They tend to too quickly judge these other ways as strange, wrong or bad. They believe that their own culture is perfect and superior to other cultures. 15、Ingroups

“Ingroups” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation. 16、Out-groups

“Outgroups” are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Toward outsiders, we tend to be more critical, suspicious, and willing to pass harsh judgments. 17、war stories

The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners. War stories naturally tend to be biased against outsides, so they tend to reinforce negative views toward foreigners. What’s more, negative views based on an experience with one foreigner are often used as evidence to draw conclusions about foreigners in general.