Indies was now available . Rich cargoes of spices and jewels arrived in Portugal . This direct ocean route saved the Portuguese from having to deal with middlemen traders . Now , the Portuguese could journey directly to the sources of the trade goods they sought . In many cases ,ships could carry goods more cheaply than could overland caravans(大篷车) . Nor could Portuguese merchants be blocked or charged high fees by competing powers that controlled overland routes . Overseas trade promised wealth for merchants and sailors and goods for Europe’s markets.

60. The main purpose of Henry’s voyage was to ____________. A.explore the unknown waters beyond Europe B.find gold for the royal family

C.seek for a route to the Indian Ocean D.expand Portuguese trade to Africa

61. Who was the first to find the route to the Indian Ocean? A.Prince Henry . B.Vasco da Gama.

C.Baritolomeu Dias. D.Portuguese merchants. 62. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.

A.Merchants used to be charged high fees by middlemen traders. B.Prince Henry blocked Portuguese merchants along overland routes. C.Dias and da Gama were the pioneers to reach the Cape of Good Hope. D.The overseas trade route from Europe to India benefited Portugal a lot .

( C )

Many United States companies have made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, the United States International Trade

Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in the United States at “less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).

Contrary to the general impression, this request for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government

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to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.

Perhaps the most shameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch

conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.

63.The passage is chiefly concerned with_______________

A. arguing against the increased internationalization of US corporations

B. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences C. recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for \

64.What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC ____________. A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fair market value. B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of products shipped to the US. C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exporting products. D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the US.

65.What is the function of the last paragraph?

A. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas for research. B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier. C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previous paragraph. D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.

66.Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws? A. They will eliminate the practice of \B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain more profits.

C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations. D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily help other units.

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Section C

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

A. Many alternatives have been suggested to the nuclear waste storage. B. Why do many people worry about the risk of global warming? C. What if it leaks into the ground and reaches human water supplies? D. To store even part of the present nuclear waste requires a vast area. E. The problem of nuclear waste seems totally hard to deal with. F. To dispose it into the remote regions which are less populated.

As people recognize the dangers of fossil fuel plants, especially the risk of global warming from carbon dioxide production—nuclear power begins to look more attractive. But what about the waste—all that highly radioactive debris(残核) that will endure for thousands of years? Nuclear waste is one of the biggest technical issues that any future president is likely to

face.______67________Plutonium(钚) has a half-life of 24,000 years. Even after 100,000 years, the radiation will still be above 10% of the level it had when it left the

reactor.______68_________How can we possibly prove that this material can be kept safe for 100000 years?

Still the US government persists in pursuing “safe”nuclear waste disposal(处理). It has

created nuclear waste facilities buried deep within Yucca Mountain , Nevada. To keep the waste safe, the storage rooms are 1,000feet below the surface. _______69__________. It needs at least 2 square miles. The cost of the facility is expected to reach $100 billion ,with hundreds of

billions of dollars more in operating costs. To make matters worse, earthquakes happen often in the Yucca Mountain region. More than 600 earthquakes of magnitude of 2.5 and higher have occurred within 50 miles in the last decade alone. Although that was millions of years ago, how sure can we be that the waste facility won’t be torn apart by another eruption?

________70_________ Why not just send the waste into the sun? Well, maybe that’s not such a good idea, since on launch some rockets do crash back down to the earth. Some scientists have proposed that the waste be put in ships and sunk under the oceans. Yet just the fact that scientists make such suggestions seems to emphasize how the problem really is.

IV. Summary Writing

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the

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passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.

Fog is an concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, most air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.

In 1968, a new fog-sweeping machine was tested for dissipating(驱散）the most common king of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consists of 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicals were blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.

Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.

In the 1900s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to “see” the runway through the fog.

These new “whether weapons” are helping to win the war against fog.

第II卷 （共40分）

V. Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.

72.让我大吃一惊的是他的态度转变的如此之快。(sudden)

73.除非你在一周内给我满意的答复，否则我将诉诸法律。(Unless)

74.出国留学有助于学生学习外语和了解外国文化，但学生应该考虑可能遇到的困难。(consideration)

75.研究表明，当人们有压力时，看看有趣的电影或向朋友倾诉是排遣恐惧和悲伤的有效方法。(get)

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VI. Guided Writing

Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.

近年来，人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）发展迅速，人们日益关注AI 对人类未来的影响。马云认为，人类创造的机器不可能超越人类。霍金（Stephen Hawking）则表示：“人工智能的完全发展可能预示着人类的终结。”你同意谁的观点，请说明理由。

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