mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Several years ago, I learned that a physician in a town not too far from where I was practicing had committed suicide. Neither I nor my hospital colleagues knew him, but 36 to the story we heard, he was the father of young children, was respected by doctors and 37 alike and had struggled privately with mental illness since medical school.
But it was not the details of his life that haunted us; it was the details of his 38. He had locked himself in a room in the hospital, placed a large needle in his vein and 39 himself with a drug that so effectively paralyzed his muscles he was unable to breathe or call for help.
For days afterward，the doctor?s death came up 40 in conversations. We talked about the grief his family must have been experiencing and speculated (猜测) on the extent of depression he must have experienced, but we dared not speak of, let alone imagine, the 41 of his final moments.
Always, we ended up asking one another the same question: How could a doctor — who most likely knew about what he was suffering from and about the treatments available一never 42 help?
For several decades now, studies have consistently shown that physicians have higher rates of suicide than the 43 population. While research has 44 the beginning of this tragic difference to the years spent in medical school, the 45 factors remain uncertain. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A) enduring B) traced C) general D) injected E) patients F) seek G) contributing H) decision I) repeatedly J) corresponding K) recognized L) death M) continuously N) suffering O) according
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Preparing for More Expensive Degrees in England
A) Balancing a tight budget is one of the most difficult aspects of being a student. A recent survey from the European Council of Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchers found that money issues are the most critical concerns for young researchers in Europe, ahead of working conditions, training, and supervision.
B) Starting in 2012, money is likely to become an even more important concern for students as universities in England are allowed to charge undergraduates up to ￡ 9 000 per year in tuition fees as a way of dealing with government funding cuts. That?s a nearly threefold increase from the current fees, which are capped at ￡ 3 375.
C) The funding cuts are set to affect postgraduate education, too, with most English universities expected to increase postgraduate tuition to cover any remaining shortfall. Just how severe the changes will be for postgraduates is uncertain, but many experts advise caution. “All universities are trying to encourage students to think more seriously about how they?re going to manage，” says Sheila King, financial support coordinator at Cardiff University in Wales. So, what do students need to know about the changes? Details and debt
D) The details are complicated. Universities in Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales will be allowed to raise tuition to the same extent as in England, but in those places the new fees will apply only to students coming from the rest of the United Kingdom. For example, Scottish students do not currently pay tuition and will not be expected to do so after 2012—unless they attend universities in England, Wales, or Northern Ireland.
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E) A further inequity is that under EU regulations, universities must charge students from the rest of the European Union the same amount as home students. This means that fees for EU students will be heavily subsidized (补贴）by universities in Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales (but not England), while English students in these three countries will pay more than EU students attending the same universities.
F) Whatever the tuition bill, full-time undergraduates in England will have to either pay up front or apply for a loan from the government, which they need not begin paying back until they have completed their degree and are earning more than ￡ 21 000 per year. Full-time undergraduates can apply, in addition, for a maintenance loan to contribute to accommodation, food, and travel costs. Part-time students will be able to apply for a tuition loan but not a maintenance loan.
G) The main concern of career advisers and student-support workers is the substantial debt that most students in England will face after graduation. For a standard 3-year degree charged at ￡9 000 per year—science courses are among the most expensive to run—the average debt from student loans, including maintenance, is expected to be around ￡43 000. The British Medical Association estimates that medical students could graduate more than ￡70 000 in debt. The benefits of part-time work
H) One way of dealing with the new financial burden would be to work part time. According to the 2010 Sodexo University Lifestyle Survey, more than one-quarter of all undergraduate students in the United Kingdom worked part time during their studies that year—a percentage that is now expected to rise. For those doing a second undergraduate degree, a job may be the only option, as they will not be eligible for government loans.
I) Juggling part-time work and studies can be tough—but a job or paid internship can have benefits beyond the financial. “There is a recognition and a demand for students to be as employable as possible when they finish their degree, and part of that is gaining relevant work experience，” King says. “My internships helped me during my master?s as I had already had 3 months of experience using different equipment and writing a lab book,” says Mike Stock, who began a Ph. D. in geology this year after doing internships with the Atomic Weapons Establishment, the international oil and natural gas company Petro-Canada, and a research assistantship at the University of Southampton.
Planning for postgraduate studies
J) Ongoing uncertainty over the impact of the funding cuts means that many universities haven?t yet set their postgraduate charges for 2012. According to a recent National Survey of UK Tuition Fees, the average cost of a taught master?s degree program across 147 UK higher education institutions rose 24% in just 1 year, from ￡ 4 989 in 2010-2011 to the current ￡6 184. The fee is expected to increase even more dramatically in 2012. “Ultimately, the decision on postgraduate fees will depend on calculations about what they need to do to survive as a university,” says a University of Southampton Student Services representative who prefers not to be named.
K) In the United Kingdom, approximately 19 000 Ph. D. s are partly or fully funded by the research councils. Universities and industry partners also offer funded postgraduate positions and a range of bursaries (助学金）, scholarships, and awards. However, many universities are now unsure how many positions they will be able to support in 2012. This could leave some Ph. D. students struggling for funding, since the government does not provide loans to support postgraduate study. One view held by careers specialists is that an increasingly competitive job market, paired with difficult economic times, might encourage more students to pursue postgraduate degrees. “If there are fewer funding opportunities available for postgraduate study and more applicants, each available position will become very competitive,” says the Southampton University Student Services representative.
L) This makes it all the more important for aspiring postgraduate students to seek funding early, especially if they have financial commitments such as a mortgage (抵押）or a family. One approach is to apply for funding as broadly as possible. “After my undergraduate degree in mathematics, I was awarded a ￡ 4 000 scholarship from the Society for Underwater Technology,” says Graeme MacGilchrist, who began a Master of Science in oceanography this year. As UK students brace for tough times, the key message from career advisers and student representatives is
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that students can ease the situation by starting to plan now. “We can?t do anything about the level of fees, but we can do something to help students help themselves,” M King says. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
46. Career advisers and student-support workers are mainly concerned that most students will have to
bear the huge debts after graduation.
47. Without loans from the government to support postgraduate study, some Ph. D. students will have
to compete for funding.
48. If a Scottish student wants to attend a university in Wales, he will probably pay more than in Scotland.
49. University students in England will be probably charged higher tuition fees to handle the reduced
government funding.
50. Postgraduate fees will be based on the calculations about the money needed to maintain a
university.
51. Career advisers and student representatives imply that students can start to plan now in order to
gain more support for their study.
52. The undergraduates who want to pursue a second degree are not allowed to apply for government
loans.
53. Full-time undergraduates can apply for a maintenance loan as well as a tuition loan.
54. Students are encouraged to ponder over dealing with the likely rise in postgraduate tuition fees. 55. Gaining relevant work experience will get students ready for work when they graduate.
Section C
Directions： There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a married woman in possession of a large fortune will probably spend most of it on her husband and children. That seems to be the conclusion of a study by the Pew Research Center in Washington D. C., of the lives of Americans aged 30-44, those most likely to have young families. Whereas in earlier generations marriage allowed women to achieve economic security, now, it appears, men are more likely to benefit.
The root cause is the spread of women?s higher education. For the first time in American history there are more female than male college graduates among this age group. In contrast, in 1970, almost twice as many men as women in this group, 30-44, had college degrees. The result is that in the half of households where one partner has more education, it is now more likely to be the wife who has more. In 1970, it was usually the husband.
Income tends to rise with education, and women?s earnings have risen relative to men?s at every level of schooling. Men?s income is still, on average, higher, but women have been narrowing the gap and adding more to household earnings. A few wives contributed more than their men: in 1970 only 4% earned more than their husbands: in 2007 22% did.
That represented a rise in social mobility. But with it went an apparent decline in another aspect of mobility: more people seem to be marrying within their education and income bracket, especially at the top. The best educated and highest-earning husbands in 2007 were more likely to have the highest- income wives than was the case in 1970. At the bottom of the education heap, too, men are less likely to have wives who earn a lot. Forty years ago, half of husbands who dropped out of high school had wives who earned more than the average for women: now just 30% do.
That is an exception to the rule that, as the report says, “the economic gains from marriage have accrued (逐渐增力) more to men than to women.” But there is one other way in which the growing economic clout (权势) of women increases their power within marriage. According to Pew, in households where the husband earns more, women are still just as likely to make the final decisions regarding household finances: where the wife earns more, she is more than twice as likely to do so.
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注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56. The research conducted by Pew Research Center in Washington D. C. shows that ____. A) Americans aged 30-44 are more likely to have young families
B) married women spend most of the family income on their husbands and children C) women are more likely to get economic security from marriage nowadays D) men are more likely to get economic security from marriage nowadays 57. What were families like in 1970 compared with those nowadays? A) More women went to college then. B) More women did housework then.
C) There were more male college graduates than female ones then. D) More people received college education then.
58. Despite the fact that men?s income is still higher than women, _____. A) women don?t do any housework any more B) women received higher education than men C) women?s incomes are decreasing gradually D) women?s income proportion is increasing
59. There appears a kind of decline in social mobility in that _____. A) more people choose a partner with similar education and income B) more people choose a partner with higher education and income
C) people with low-levels of education are not likely to marry a low-earning one D) men who drop out of high school are more likely to get a high-earning wife 60. Women?s rights will grow in the family on the basis of _____. A) men?s benefits from marriage C) the rise in men?s salary B) the rise in women?s salary D) women?s higher education Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Shoppers on Black Friday, the traditional start of the holiday shopping season in America, are notoriously aggressive. Some even start queuing outside stores before dawn to be the first to lay their hands on heavily discounted merchandise. Despite the frenzy at many stores, however, recession appears to have accelerated the pace at which are abandoning bricks and mortar(传统的实体企业)in favor of online retailers-e-tailers. So this year Black Friday also marks the start of many conventional -retailers' attempts to regain the initiative.
E-commerce holds particular appeal in straitened times as it enables people to compare prices across retailers quickly and easily. Buyers can sometimes avoid local sales taxes online, and shipping is often free. No wonder, then, that online shopping continues to grow even as the offline sort shrinks. The shift in spending to the Internet is good news for companies like P&G that lack retail outlets (经销店)of their own. But it is a big concern for brick-and-mortar retailers, whose prices are often higher than those of e-tailers, since they must bear the extra expense of running stores. Happily, however, conventional retailers are in a better position to fight back than last year, when overstocking forced them to resort to ruinous(破坏性的)discounting.
The most obvious response to the growth of e-tailing is for conventional retailers to redouble their own efforts online. The online arms of big retailers are performing well, on the whole. Retailers are also trying to make shopping seem fun and exciting to counteract the economic gloom. One common tactic is to set up \foster a sense of novelty and urgency. Following the lead of many bricks-and-mortar outfits, eBay recently launched a pop-up in New York where customers could inspect items before ordering them. Stores are also trying to lure customers by offering services that are not available online. Lululemon athletica, which sells sports clothes, offers free yoga classes. Best Buy, a consumer-electronics retailer, has started selling music lessons along with its musical instruments. The idea is to bring people back to its shops regularly, increasing the likelihood that they will develop the habit of shopping there.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
61. Why is the recession of conventional business accelerating?
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