41 - 45 CACBB 46 - 50 DADBC 51 - 55 BDACD 2020黄浦一模

Endangered languages can be found throughout the world. Many languages now have fewer than 100 or even fewer than 10 speakers. The crisis is not limited to remote regions of the world. When Europeans first arrived in North America, 312 different languages were __41__, of which 123 are now known to be extinct. Of the __42__ languages, most speakers are grandparents and great - grandparents.

Different researchers offer different definitions of “endangered”. The system of __43__ used by the Catalogue of Endangered Languages evaluates languages in four areas: the __44__ of all the speakers, how often the language is conveyed to the next __45__, the rate at which it is losing speakers and the __46__ in which it is used. Based on this data, languages are ranked on a six - point scale from “safe” to “severely endangered.” The midpoint, “endangered” refers to language with between 100 and 1,000 speakers who represent about half of the language’s community or ethnic group. The language is spoken only by some parents, of whom very few teach it to their children. It is __47__ used at home and is not taught in schools or used for government business.

Languages become endangered due to a number of __48__ factors including globalization, economics, technology, education policy, and changes in __49__ attitudes. As the forces of globalization make the world more interconnected, previously __50__ language communities come under pressure to participate in a larger economy, which means learning the area’s majority language. __51__, local schools often begin to teach the majority language instead of the local tongue. Local languages also __52__ as communities adopt mobile phones and computers most of which run on software that has been translated into only a handful of languages. This trend __53__ as these devices connect users to the Internet. At this point, many communities undergo a cultural __54__ in which parents no longer value the language enough to teach it to their children.

Initiatives to __55__ endangered languages have become more numerous in recent years. These efforts tend to focus on two main areas: the documentation of endangered languages, and efforts to increase the use of endangered languages among younger speakers and in the

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community at large.

41. A. at hand

B. at risk

C. in use

D. in view D. surviving

42. A. ancient B. evolving C. local

43. A. assessment B. classification C. description D. research 44. A. age 45. A. committee 46. A. content 47. A. advisedly 48. A. balancing 49. A. cultural 50. A. foreign 51. A. For example

52. A. boom 53. A. ceases

54. A. difference 55. A. enrich

B. background C. number B. century C. generation B. occupations C. situations B. efficiently

C. primarily

B. complicating C. historical B. mental C. moral B. informal

C. isolated

B. In contrast C. In response

B. develop C. disappear B. changes

C. increases B. influence C. shift B. purify C. refresh

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D. religion D. government D. themes D. rarely D. interrelated D. religious D. national D. Vice versa D. suffer D. starts D. variety D. standardize

41-50 CDAAC CDDAC BCCCC 2020嘉定一模

In product design, imagining user’s feelings leads to more original outcomes

Researchers find that in a new product design, connecting with user’s heart, rather than their head, can lead to more original and creative outcomes.

Developing original and __41__ products is critical to a company’s long-term success. Thus, understanding what influences originality can have important and potentially __42__ consequences for businesses. Ravi Mehta, a professor of business administration, shows that adopting a(n) __43__ that imagines how the user would feel while using a product leads designers to experience greater empathy（同感）, which __44__ creativity and, in turn, outcome originality for new product design.

There are two ways that the product designer can __45__ the consumer’s product usage. One focuses on objective use of the product - how consumers might use the product, that is, an “objective - imagination” approach. The other focuses on feelings - how the product makes the consumer feel, a “feeling-imagination” approach.

Consumers always want to have new products that solve problems more efficiently and at a less cost. So product designers __46__ this trap of being very objective in focusing on the use of a product. That’s important, leads designers to experience greater empathy, which makes them more __48__, the feelings-imagination approach leads designers to experience greater empathy, which makes them more __49__ to the consumers’ ideas. This leads to greater outcome originality. Mehta said, “when you imagine consumers and focus on their feelings, that’s powerful and will lead to something much more innovative than only focusing on a product’s usage.” The research shows that a feelings - based approach is __50__ to the commonly used objective - based approach, the researchers wrote. It not only helps product designers build a better product, but is also them create more innovative products.

The implications of the findings extend to everyday consumers, who now play a role in shaping companies design. Mehta said, “Marketers are increasingly __51__ consumers for new

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product ideas.” __52__, there was very successful campaign a few years ago focused on getting consumers to create a new potato chip flavor.

The experiments demonstrated a __53__ effect of adopting a feelings - imagination approach. That suggest that these designers may __54__ imagining users’ feelings. In this way, designers can develop products the could __55__ to the masses. Companies can easily adopt this process and promote feelings-imagination exercise through their websites or social media.

41. A. primary 42. A. temporary 43. A. policy 44. A. enhances 45. A. recommend 46. A. fall apart 47. A. originality 48. A. In conclusion 49. A. open 50. A. evident 51. A. joining in 52. A. In reality 53. A. dramatic 54. A. depend on 55. A. appeal

B. innovative B. slight B. proposal B. exhibits B. extend B. figure out B. objectivity B. In addition B. harmful B. superior B. applying to B. In other words B. positive B. benefit from B. refer C. natural C. indefinite C. approach C. illustrates C. exploit C. fall into C. creativity C. As a result C. resistant C. relevant C. turning to C. What’s more C. negative C. contribute to C. adapt 12 / 31

D. domestic D. profitable D. standard D. explores D. imagine D. turn into D. flexibility D. By contrast D. equal D. alert D. taking to D. For example D. serious D. involve in D. commit