【推荐】初中英语语法笔记,非常简明而全面 下载本文

若陈述部分有情态动词或助动词,则疑问部分也用情态动词或助动词。 句子

句子成分分析

主语:句子中说明的人或事物; 谓语:表示主语的动作,状态等; 宾语:表示动作的承受者。

句型一:主谓

例:The cute dogs laughed happily. 主语+谓语(vi.) 句型二:主谓宾

例:The fat cats wear sunglasses. 主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语

主语和宾语可以由名词,代词,动名词,不定式等充当。

例:My sister likes TF boys. (名词)

We bought some apples. (代词)

Watching TV is bad for eyes. (动名词)

It’s exciting to watch football games. (动词不定式)

一般疑问句和特殊疑问句

一、 一般疑问句

1、定义:也可称为 “yes/no questions”,通常用 yes/no 来回答,相当于汉语中的“??吗?” 2、结构:系动词 be+主语+其它成分? 助动词+主语+其它成分? 情态动词+主语+其它成分?

变成一般疑问句口诀:有 be 提 be,有情提情,无 be 无情请求“助”。 二、特殊疑问句

1、定义:以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子。

常用的疑问词有:what, who, whose, which, when, where, how, why 2、语序:特殊疑问句有两种语序

①如果疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序。 疑问词(+主语)+谓语动词+其它成分? eg. Who looks like a real superman? Whose dog is funny?

②如果疑问词作其它成分,即对其它成分提问,其语序是: 疑问词+一般疑问句语序 eg. Why did he stand here? What are they doing?

二、特殊疑问句的几组区别 1. how many, how much 区别

how many+可数名词(复数), how much +不可数名词; how much 可以表示问价钱

How many flowers are there in the vase? How much milk do you have? How much is the coat?

2. how often, how soon, how long 区别

how often “ 多久一次” , 常用频度词语来回答。 如 always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, twice a week, every day。

how soon “多久以后,多快” ,常用 in+一段时间回答。

how long“多长时间” ,常用 since+时间点或 for+时间段回答。 补充:how far ”多远“, 常用一段距离或路程来回答。

反意疑问句

1. 结构:陈述句+简单一般疑问句(否定要缩写) He is happy, isn’t he? 2. 原则:前肯后否,前否后肯 3. 各种时态的反义疑问句:

一般现在时:陈述句, is/am/are(not) +主语。 She isn’t a pianist, is she? 陈述句,do/does +主语。 She likes singing, doesn’t she?

一般过去时:陈述句, was/were(not) +主语。 She was born in 1999, wasn’t she? 陈述句, did(not) +主语。 She began to learn the piano, didn’t she?

一般将来时:陈述句, will(not) +主语。 She will go to the college, won’t she? 陈述句, is/am/are(not) +主语。 She is going to go to college, isn’t she? 现在进行时:陈述句, is/am/are(not) +主语。 She is singing now, isn’t she? 过去进行时:陈述句, was/were(not) +主语。 She was dancing, wasn’t she?

现在完成时: 陈述句, has/have(not) +主语。 She has learned dance for 8years, hasn’t she? 过去完成时: 陈述句, had(not) +主语。 She had been famous before she was 8, hadn’t she? 带有情态动词:陈述句, 情态动词(not) +主语。She can sing very well, can’t she? 4. 反意疑问句的特殊用法

(1)当陈述部分主语是不定式,动名词,从句,this, that, everything, anything, nothing 等 时,疑问部分用 it. Everything is Ok, isn’t it?

(2)当陈述部分主语是 those, these, ----body, ----one 等时,疑问部分主语用 they。 Everybody likes it, don’t they?

(3)当陈述部分是 there be 时,疑问部分 be there。 There is a bird, isn’t there?

(4)have/has 助动词:疑问部分,have/has (现完、过完、had better) 实义动词:疑问部分,do/does

(5)见到 no, not, never, hardly, few, little, nobody 等否定意义的词时,前否后肯 There is little water, is there?

(6)否定前后缀,不影响肯否原则 He is unhappy, isn’t he? (7)有关祈使句的反意疑问句:一般情况:will/won’t you? Let’s→shall we? Let us→will you? 5. 反意疑问句的回答

反意疑问句要据实回答 Liu Xiang is a basketball player, isn’t he? No, he isn’t.

祈使句

1. 定义:表达说话人对对方的叮嘱、劝告、请求或命令等。 口诀(注意点):1、祈使句省主语,主语you常省去; 2、动词原形谓语当,句首加Don’t否定变; 3、朗读应该用降调,句末常标感叹号。 Run away! Stop running! Please dance! No dancing!

Be quiet! Let’s do exercise! Let’s not do exercise. Go to bed! 2. 句型 (1)肯定句

① Do 型以动词原形开头 Touch the ground! Stand up! 站起来! ② Be 型 以 Be 开头 Be quiet! Be careful! 小心!

③ Let 型以 Let 开头 Let’s pick the apples! Let me help you! 让我帮你吧! 注:句首可加Please表示礼貌和客气。 (2)否定句

① Don’t+动词原形 Don’t touch the ground! Don’t talk, please. Don’t be late. ② Let’s not +V(原) Let’s not pick the apples 比较 Don’t let him play computer games. ③ No +n!或 No +V-ing! No photos! No touching! No spitting! No photos! No smoking!

祈使句口诀:

祈使句无主语,主语 you 常省去,动词原形谓语当, 句首加 Don’t 否定变,朗读应当用降调,句末常标感叹号。 补充:祈使句的反义疑问句: 陈述句部分 + 简短疑问句

Let’s shall we? Let’s go, shall we? Let us will you? Let us go, will you?

Don’t will you? Don’t close the window, will you?

Do will you/won’t you? Clean your room, will you/won’t you?

三、特殊句型