目录索引
词法- 冠词 名词
代词（所有格） 介词（介词短语） 形容词副词 数词 连词 动词- 非谓语动词 情态动词 系动词
及物动词、不及物动词 六大时态 被动语态 主谓一致 there be句型 句子- 句子成分 特殊疑问句 反意疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 时间状语从句 系列状语从句 宾语从句 定语从句
第一讲 冠词
一、冠词的分类
1. 不定冠词：a/an 修饰可数名词单数
2. 定冠词：the 修饰可数名词或不可数名词 3. 零冠词：/ 修饰可数名词或不可数名词 二、不定冠词的用法 （表示泛指）
1. 音素掌门：判断一个单词或字母前加a还是an, 首先需要判断它发音的第一个音素
→若为元音音素，如a:, ei, 则用an →an unusual day an hour; an honest man， an American an egg,
→若为辅音音素，如p, h, 则用a →a usual day; a European country, a one-eyed man， a broken egg， 2. a/an 大法
：U 型大法，是指 U 有两个音，发/ju:/时用 a，发/?/时用 an。
eg. a UFO a uniform（制服） a usual man an unusual man an umbrella（雨伞） an ugly UFO a university（大学） an ugly dog a useful book ：欧洲两怪，是指元音字母开头，但是发辅音。
eg. a one-year-old boy a European a one-eyed man a European country ：隔山打牛。”山”是指开头不发音字母 h eg. an honest boy an hour a heavy box ：吸星大法。字母单独出现时的用法。
【第一个音素是辅音的字母】 a “C” in the word “CAT” 【第一个音素是元音的字母】 下面字母单独出现时只能用 an eg. an NBA player; an “f”in the word “friend” 总结：(father 和 mother 能送来杏仁+a e i o) f h m n s l x r a e I o 3.固定短语：
1. It was getting late. She went back home ___B____. | 总结：
A. in hurry B. in a hurry C. in the hurry D. in hurriesdo sth. | in a hurry 匆忙地做某事 2. I am in trouble. Could you give me ___A____. |
A. a hand B. hands C. two hands D. hand | give sb. a hand帮助某人 *可数名词以其中一个代表一类时（强调整体）：A bird can fly。
三、定冠词的用法
口诀：独旧双方级乐序 姓形山河惯建筑
具体：独一无二的名词前；文中出现过，下文再次提到的名词前；双方都知道的名词；表示方向的名词；最高级前面，西洋乐器前面，序数词前面；
姓氏复数前；形容词前加the表示一类人；山河湖海前；习惯用法；某些建筑前
独：独一无二。the sun, the moon, the earth （独一无二的天体） 旧：上文提到。There is a woman. The woman is a witch. 双：双方皆知。 Look at the blackboard.（在课堂上） 方：方向方位。the east, the west, the south, the north 级：形容词最高级。the best, the most beautiful
乐：演奏西洋乐器。【7下1】play the piano/guitar/violin 序：序数词前。the first, the second, the third
姓：the+姓氏 s, 表示一家人。the Smiths(史密斯一家人）； the +姓氏 s’ 表示“家；住宅”； the Smiths’史密斯的家 形：the+形容词表示一类人。the rich(富人） ， the young(年轻人） ，the old(老人) 山河：某些山川河流。the Yellow River 惯：习惯用法。in the morning, at night
建筑：某些建筑前。the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the White House （独一无二的建筑物） 特：特指某些人或物。【7下1】The girg under the tree is Lily。 国：国家全称和缩写前加 the, 简称前不加 the
The United States of America（全称）The USA（缩写） America（简称） the People’s Republic of China（the PRC） 。Chinese（国家简称前不加 the）
*only, same ，very等词前要加 the。
*中国传统节日前。 the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival； 特例：Christmas Day（西方的不加 the） *不加 the 表第一功能，加 the 表第二功能。
例如：go to school(去上学)，go to the school（去学校） 。go to hospital(去 看病)，go to the hospital(去医院)。Go to church(去做礼拜)，go to the church(去教堂)。Go to bed(去睡觉)，go to the bed（去床上）
四、零冠词的用法
人名地名抽象名 （如 Tom，Beijing, love）
复数泛指都加零 （泛指是说范围广泛，没有特定指哪个或哪些） 季月节假日餐球 （季节，月份，节假日，三餐，球类） 语言学科运动车 （语言，学科，运动球类项目，by+交通工具）
1. 人名地名抽象名（如 Tom，Beijing, love） （抽象指的是看不见摸不着只能感受到的东西） （ 专有名词，抽象名词，国家名的简称，） Love is important（重要的）. Tom is a smart boy. Beijing is the capital of China.
2. 复数泛指都加零（复数名词表示泛指，是说范围广泛，没有特定指哪个或哪些） Boys like doing the sports. Water is also very important. 3. 季月节假日餐球（季节，月份，节假日，三餐，球类）
I went to Guangzhou in Spring/in July. Teachers’ Day is coming.
We often have breakfast/lunch/supper at home. He often plays football/basketball. 4. 语言学科运动车（语言，学科，运动球类项目，by+交通工具） English is very popular(流行的) in the world.
He always plays basketball. He goes to school by bike. 5. 独一无二的职位之前，做补语，表语，同位语 *职位、头衔和称呼等名称前。
6 固定搭配中：不加 the 表第一功能，加 the 表第二功能。
例如：go to school(去上学)，go to the school（去学校） 。go to hospital(去 看病)，go to the hospital(去医院)。Go to church(去做礼拜)，go to the church(去教堂)。Go to bed(去睡觉)，go to the bed（去床上）
版本二：0 1 2 3 4 6 7 X
0： 球类运劢 12：月份 3：三餐 4：四季 6：by+ 交通工具 7： 星期 X：学科
如at night, face to face, by car/bus
play ___/__ tennis in ___/___ January have __/___lunch in ____/___winter by__/____ bus on ____/___Monday ___/___(History) history is very interesting.
7.其他：
*复数名词表示一类人或物时：I like tomatoes。 I can't stand thrillers。恐怖片
*两个词义相同或相近的名词连用时。Year and year day and night
*名词前已经有作定语的this、that 等指示代词的。或有my、your等物主代词的，或有some、any等不定代词的。 These clothes our room
五. 易错点辨析 1. go to school 去上学
go to the school 去学校（不一定上学） 2. at table 吃饭
at the table 在桌子旁边（不一定吃饭） 3. in hospital 生病住院
in the hospital 在医院（不一定生病）
名词
一、 名词分类：
分为专有名词和普通名词；普通名词分为可数和不可数名词
二、名词复数
一、规则变化口诀 “五明”
1)直接加 s, 例如 cars, book, bottles.
2)以 s， sh， ch， x 结尾+es， 例 如 bus-buses, watch-watches, brush-brushes, box-boxes,glass-glasses。 口诀:“不吃死蛇”(不—X,吃—ch, S-死，蛇—sh) 3)辅音字母加 y 结尾，改 y 为 i 加 es，例 如 family-families, city-cities.
4)以 f 或 fe 结尾，去 f 或 fe 加 ves, 例如 wife-wives,leaf→leaves knife→knives 口诀：半片 树叶 自己 黄，妻子拿刀要杀狼，小偷逃命架后藏。 (half, leaf, self, wife, knife, wolf, thief, life, shelf) 特例:直接加s ：giraffe, belief, chief,, proof, cliff, roof 5.以 o 结尾，有生命的加 es；无生命的加 s; potatoes radios
杀手锏：kangaroos bamboos zoos, bamboos, photos, kangaroos, pianos, radios 加es口诀：
口诀: 黑人爱吃西红柿芒果和土豆(+es)。(Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, mang potatoes) Negro, hero, volcano, potato, tomato, mango, mosquito, tornado, torpedo 黑人英雄在火山上，用土豆、西红柿和芒果，砸死一只蚊子，此时龙卷风带来一只鱼雷
二、不规则变化 （一）口诀:五暗
2、单词本身为复数 ：牛群人们无单数形式，例如 cattle-cattle; people-people;(集合名词) 3、单复同形，例如 sheep-sheep; deer-deer;
*a. fish 表条数，同种多条，单复同形，例如 five fish; b. fish 表种类，加 es，例如 many kinds of fishes; c. fish 表鱼肉，不可数，例如 I like eating fish. 4.特殊变化
1) 变中间 鹅鼠呲牙齐步走，男女儿童去追牛
mouse— mice foot— feet tooth— teeth goose—geese man— men woman—women 2) 结尾+en/ren： ox— oxen child— children 3) “国人”变复数
不变: Chinese, Japanese, Swedish瑞典人, Swiss瑞士人
a变e: Englishmen, Frenchwomen, Dutchmen
+s: Americans, Australians, Greeks希腊人, Europeans欧洲人，Germans 4)oo→ ee foot→feet goose→geese tooth→teeth （二）口诀：五小鬼 1) man-men; 2) woman-women; 3) child-children; 4) chick-chicks; 5) mouse-mice
其中特例：a.chicken 表小鸡时可数，chicken-chickens b.chicken 表鸡肉时不可数 (三)口诀：国人变化
1)中日历史永不变 例 如 Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese. 2)英法联军 a 变 e 例 如 Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen 3)其它国人加 s 例 如 American-Americans, Australian-Australians, Canadian-CAnadians, Indian-Indians. 4)重点提防德国人 例 如 German-Germans
*复合名词：名词修饰名词的复数变化（常考）
1.男人、女人 前后都变：但当 n1=man/woman 时，变复数，两者一起变。 a man teacher, two men teachers
2.其他：中心词变：n1 of n2，变n1 some places of interest n1+n2, 一般只变 n2 a book shop, two book shops
They are bus drivers. ( 正确) They are buses drivers. (错误 ) They are woman drivers. (错误 ) They are women drivers. ( 正确) 3.mother-in-law：
三、不可数名词过关
新闻；消息 news 信息 information 建议 advice 作业 homework 草 grass 家务 housework
原则 1、不可数名词永远按单数处理，前面不能加 a(n), 后不加s Water is important. 原则 2、不可数名词可用表示量得名词表示数量，表示量的名词可数。
常用量词:a bar of a bowl of two cups of two pieces of a bag of a pair of
piece：a piece of meat/paper/bread/music/information/furniture/machinery, etc. 一片肉/一张纸/一片面包/一首曲子/一条信息/一件家具/一台机器等 bar :a bar of chocolate/candy 一块巧克力/一块糖
bottle: a bottle of ink/milk/wine 一瓶墨水/一瓶牛奶/一瓶葡萄酒
注意：two bottles of water, two pairs of shoes（常考）
代词
代词定义：代替名词、名词短语和句子的词。 A. 人称代词
用法：主格→动前，宾格→动（介）后 B． 物主代词
※形容词性+名词=名词性（不接名词） C． 反身代词
※常用短语：
by oneself 独自一人 I finished my homework by myself.我自己一个人做的. enjoy oneself=have a good time=have fun 玩得开心 look after oneself 照顾自己 (look after=take care of)
help oneself to + n. 请随便吃 Help yourselves to some fish, children. make
oneself
at
home:
不
要
拘
束
Make
yourself
at
home
，
Tom!
D. 不定代词 ：谓语动词均为单数！
**形容词作定语修饰不定代词时，形容词要后置 E.g. I have something important to tell you.
something wrong ( 正确 ) wrong something ( 错误 )
※不定代词 1. some&any
1) 作为“一些”的意思，some 用在肯定句, any 用在否定句和疑问句， 但是 some 可以用在希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中,
如：would you like some juice? Could you give me some money? 2) some 在肯定句中还有某一的意思。 3) any 在肯定句中是 任何一个的意思。
*建议句型：Would you like some?? How about some??
3. 多多少少快没了
*当前面有 just, only, quite 时要选 a little 或 a few
e.g., I want to buy some bread, because I have only a little.
4. 二 二 三 三
都 Both All 谓语动词单复 复数 单/复 都不 Neither None 单 单 之一 Either Any 单 单 范围 总=2 总>=3 例句：Both of them like Michael Jackson’s songs. Either of them likes Jackson’s songs.
? 易错点：
There are many flowers on either side of the street. There are many flowers on both sides of the street.
需要注意句子描述两边还是一边的地点词语：street、road、bridge等。
5. it & one
A: My watch is broken. Can you repair it? B: No, I can’t. But I can buy a new one for you. that：同名不同物；特指，相当于 the + 名词 eg: 1. I lost my phone, so I must buy one. 2. I lost my phone, so I am looking for it.
3. The phone I lost was cheaper than that in the shop.
*each & every
each: ①可单独使用；②两者或以上中的一个；③each of +名词复数 every: 三者或以上中的每一个
6. other 系列 口诀：有the表特指，有s不加名！
another/the other/others/the others one?the other 剩余的最后一个
one?another?the other 另一个（不是最后一个） ，可加单数名词 some?the others 剩余的最后一些
some?others?the others 其它/另外的一些，但不是最后的一些 ① I have two eggs. One is for Tom, the other is for Tim.
② I have three eggs. One is for Tom, another is for Tim, and the other is for Ken. ③ I have many eggs. I want to give them to two students. Some are for Tom, the others are for Tim.
④ I have many eggs. I want to give them to three students. Some are for Tom, others are for Tim, and the others are for Ken.
（8）形式代词 it 的用法
①指物，指人“三不明”：不明身份、性别、信息 Is it a boy or a g
②指天气，时间，季节，距离等 It is a fine day today./It is 8 o’ clock./ 4 kilometers far away from here. ③ 句型：
1. It is +adj. +to do sth:
It is interesting to learn English. 学英语很有趣。 2. sb. find/ think/consider it +adj. +to do sth.
I find it interesting to learn English. 我发现学英语很有趣。 3. It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It takes me seven hours to get there. 我花了七个小时去到那里。
名词所有格
一、生命所有格
a. 有生命的: (S 所有格)
某人的+’ s, 例如：Lily’s bunny
规则复数名词+’ , 例如：the girls’ bunnies 不规则复数名词+’s , 例如：children’s bunnies
注意节日表达: Teachers’ Day（教师节）; Father’s Day（父亲节）.
Mother’s Day （母亲节）. Women’s Day （妇女节）. Children’s Day （儿童节） 注意: Teachers’ Day; Father’s Day.(有很多老师，可只有一个爸爸) mother’s Day. Women’s Day. Children’s Day.
b.无生命的：（of 所有格）B 的 A-A of B 例如：the door of the room the colour of the sky
二、双重所有格
某人··· 中的一个/一些: a/some +n. +of+sb.’s
例如：a student of my mother’s, some friends of my brother’s 三、另类所有格（变态所有格）
路程、时间所有格用’s 或’ 例如：20 minutes’ ride; 10 minutes’ talk (20 minutes’ ride = a 20-minute ride) 口诀：杠号相连作定语保单数) 四、宅氏/家庭所有格
the+姓氏 s’ 表示住所 例如：the Whites’(怀特的家) the doctor’s(诊所) the+姓氏 s 表示一家人 例如：the Smiths(史密斯一家人) 五、分家所有格
共同拥有：A and B’s ; 例如：Lily and Mary’s bunny 分别拥有：A’s and B’s 例如：Lily’s and Mary’s bunnies
介词
1、时间介词 （必考） (1) in：早午晚、年月季
(in the morning/afternoon/evening/1900/spring/July) in+时间段: 表一段时间以后（和一般将来时连用） ，in 3 days (2) at: 黎明（dawn）午（noon）夜（midnight）黄昏（dusk）点与分
(3) on: 具体日期或是早午晚前后有修饰词时；on June 1st, 2013; on a sunny morning; on the morning of June 1st, 2013.
(4) 不用介词的情况：这个那个上个下个每个今天明天今晚无介词。 （this, that, last, next, every/each, today, tomorrow, tonight)
Are you going out on this evening? (错) Are you going out this evening? (对) We swam in the sea in last summer. (错) We swam in the sea last summer. (对)
2.地点介词
≥区，用 in; ＜区，用 at Kuan arrived in Beijing.
Kuan arrived at Guangzhou Station. 3.树上介词。 （本身 on, 外来 in)
on the tree 树上长出来的 There are some apples on the tree. in the tree 外来的,在树上 There are some birds in the tree. 4.墙上介词
在墙表面用 on the wall, There is a map on the wall 在墙里面用 in the wall. There is a window in the wall. 靠着墙面 against the wall
5.区域介词
in 是在区域内；Guangzhou is in the south of China.
on 是相邻接壤；。Guang Xi is on the west of Guang Dong. Jiangxi is on the north of Guangdong. to 是相邻不接壤 Japan is to the east of China. 注： Tai Wan is in the southeast of China. E.g. Japan lies to the east of China.
Mongolia lies on the north of China. Guangzhou lies in the south of China.
6.身上介词
衣服和鞋帽用 in, in a yellow hat/a pair of shoes 饰品和伤疤用 with. with a doll in her hand 7.交通介词
by+交通工具 by bus
in/on +修饰+交通工具 in a red car, on a bike, on a big bus How do you go to school? I go to school? by car = in a /the car by bike = on a /the bike by bus= on a /the bus
in a car/taxi/helicopter/lift/boat on a bus/train/plane/ship/horse 8.“除了”介词
besides: “除了?之外，还有”（+）（包含）
except: “除了?之外”（-）（不包含），不放在句首
except for: “除了?”, 表示美中不足美中不足），可用在句首
① I love all the fruits except durian. 我喜欢所有的水果，除了榴莲。（不包含榴莲） ② I love bananas besides durian. 除了榴莲我还喜欢香蕉。（喜欢的水果包含榴莲） ③ I love durian except for its smell. 我喜欢榴莲，除了它的气味。（榴莲美中不足的是气味， 是事物的某个方面。）
E.g. Tom has arrived. Besides him, another two students came, too.
Mary is 16 years old. Except her, we are all 17 years old. The composition is perfect except for some spelling mistakes.
Grammar Focus：介词（下） 1. 方位介词: [1] 上上下下
on: 在表面（有接触） 贴上贴下: on，beneath over: 在?正上方
under: 在?正下方 正上正下: over，under above: 在?斜上方
below: 在?斜下方 斜上斜下: above，below
[2] 靠近旁边 near, beside, next to near ,
near 表示”在??附近”,表示的距离比 beside 稍微远些,也时常换用 beside 表示”在??旁边”(强调左右两边) next to 表示”紧靠??的旁边” [3] 前前后后
in front of: 在一个整体外部的前面 There is a tree in front of my house.
in the front of: 在一个整体内部的前面 The driver is sitting in the front of the bus. before：在时间，地点，物体的前面
behind 在??的背后;在?的后面;向?的背后 at the back of 在?的后面/后部 [4] 中间 between, among between 两者之间
among 三者或三者以上之间 [5] 穿过
across: 平面穿过 go across the street:过马路 through: 立体穿过 go through a forest:穿越丛林 ****二、介词辨析
1. with: 用?工具（具体、有形的） in: 用?语言、墨水、颜色 by: 通过?方式/手段
E.g. write with a pen, write her name in black ink, get her autograph by begging
see with eyes, strike with a hammer say it in English, The girl is in red. 2. at the end of: 接of短语，表“在?末端，尽头” in the end: “最终”，相当于finally
by the end of: 接of短语，“到?为止”，常与完成时连用 E.g. We won the game in the end.
There is a bookstore at the end.
I had finished the composition by the end of last night. 5. before long: 不久之后 long before: 很久以前
E.g. I will come back before long. They left here long before.
2. 介词三杀手 (1). 门的钥匙
the key of the door (X) the key to the door √ 去?的路 the way to?
问题的答案 the answer to the question 通往?的入口 the entrance to (2). 三天后 after 3 days（x）
in 3 days √（三天后，一般用在将来时态） (3). 在某人的帮助下 under one’s help（x） with one’s help √
without one’s help 没有某人的帮助
四、高频率介词
1. be famous for 因· · · · · ·而出名 2. be full of 充满
3. be interested in 对· · · · · ·感兴趣 4. be good at 擅长于· · · · · · Beijing is famous for the Great Wall. The cup is full of water. I am interested in music. I am good at playing basketball. 3. 易混淆介词-词语辨析 *be made of/from/into/in
be made of 由?制成（能看出原材料） be made from 由?制成（看不出原材料） be made into: “被制成?” The cup is made of glass. The paper is made from wood.
This kind of wine is made from grapes. The T-shirt is made of cloth.
E.g. The table is made of wood. Paper is made from wood. Wood is made into paper.
2、四朵金花、sb. spend some time/some money on sth/(in) doing sth. sth. cost sb. some money sb. pay some money for sth.
It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It took me 3 months to finish this work. He paid 20 dollars for this book. This beautiful dress cost her 300 yuan. My mother spent much money in buying flowers. 3、四大达人、reach +n. get to+n.
arrive in +大地方（≥区） arrive at+小地方（＜区） We’ll reach/arrive in/get to Paris tomorrow morning. Whattime dose it arrive in San Francisco?
Wehave to get over that hill to get to their house. 4、带走带来、
take: 带走，由近到远（提示词：there, to） bring: 带来，由远到近（here）
carry: “携带”，没有方向性(被带的物体不落地) Could you help me bring my coffee here? Please take the gift to your mother. The boy is carrying a big box. 5、开关大小
turn off 关闭 turn on 打开(打开或关闭电源水源煤气灯) turn down 调小（音量） turn up 调大（音量）
The baby is sleeping. Could you turn down/turn off the voice of the radio? This room is too dark. I’ll turn on the light. 6、、参加、
take part in 参加活动 join 加入组织
Would you like to take part in my birthday party? I want to join the Communist Party.
7、lie 说谎（lied, lied, lying) 躺（lay, lain, lying） lay 放置，产卵（laid, laid） You lied to me yesterday. The duck lays an egg every day.
8、hear 听见（强调结果） listen to 听（强调过程） 【Example】
Can you hear the voice of the TV set? I want to listen to the music.
1. 提供：provide sb. with sth.
provide sth. for sb. offer sb. sth offer sth. to sb.
E.g. Someone provided a skirt for her.
Someone provided her with a skirt. 2. 试穿：try on E.g. She tried it on.
3. prefer A to B 相比B，更喜欢A E.g. But she preferred the golden one. 4. in this way 用这种方式
E.g. In this way, she has a lot of fans. 5. look forward to 期待做某事
E.g. She looks forward to more beautiful clothes in the future.
形容词副词
一、概念
形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，表示人或物的性质、状态和特征的词。 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词以及其他副词，表示时间、地点、程度、状态等。 二、用法
1）作定语，修饰名词 This is an special cat. 2）作表语 The hamster looks cute.
3）作宾语补足语 The bad news made the dog sad. （1）功能：形容词修饰名词；副词修饰动词和形容词 （2）位置：形容词放在名词之前，系动词之后,副词之后. 副词放在形容词之前，放在动词后
口诀：形名动副形。 系形名，动副形。 ****具体用法 一、
形容词的基本用法
1) 作定语，放在名词前；
如：It’s a cold and beautiful winter. 2) 修饰something, anything?时，形容词后置；
如：The owl may meet something difficult. 3) 作表语，放在系动词①后面；
如：The street seems beautiful.
4) 只能作表语的形容词：asleep, afraid, alike, alive, alone, awake, ill①常见系动词
be动词系列：am, is, are, was, were
感官动词系列：look, seem, smell, taste, sound, feel? 二、
副词的基本用法
1) 副词修饰动词；
如：The dog is smoking happily. 2) 副词修饰形容词、副词；
如：The cat is very cute.
She hides very successfully.
3) 副词修饰整句话；
如：Luckily, he is rich.
? 三、构成
1. 形容词构成：n.+ly friendly n+ y windy 2.副词构成： adj.+ly, quickly ***名词变形容词 1. 名词 + y 构成形容词 rain-rainy sleep-sleepy 2. + ly 构成形容词
love-lovely month-monthly 3. + ful 构成形容词
use-useful harm-harmful 4. + less 构成形容词
use-useless hope-hopeless 5. + ous构成形容词
danger-dangerous humor-humorous 6. + ish构成形容词
****形容词变副词 1. 直接 + ly
careful-carefully recent-recently 2. 部分以e结尾的词，去e + ly terrible –terribly simple-simply 3. 部分以e结尾的词，直接 + ly wise-wisely close-closely 4. 辅音+y结尾的单词，变y为i + ly happy-happily healthy-healthily 5. 部分以ic结尾的单词，+ ally
basic-basically scientific-scientificaly
四、常用句式:
1、 too+adj./adv.+to? 太?..而不能
例：The boy is too busy to play computer games. He is too lazy to get high marks. 2) so+adj./adv.+that+从句 如此?.以至于
例：The boy is so busy that he can’t play computer games. 3) 形容词/副词+enough; fast enough, big enough enough +名词: enough time (名前形副后)
Tom is rich enough, because he has enough money.
1. It’s + adj. to do sth ? 做某事很??
2. It’s + adj. + for sb to do sth ? 对某人来说做某事很?? 3. It’s + adj. + of sb to do sth ? 某人做某事，(某人)很??
五、四大“也”人
too: 肯定句末，逗号“也”人 either: 否定句末，逗号“也”人
also: 句中“也”人， 【情（态动词）be（动词）助（动词）后，实义动词前】 as well: 句末“也”人 ****五晚人
late adj. 晚的 adv. 晚地
Lily was late again.
Lily came home late last night.
later adj. 更晚的 adv. 迟点
Lucy came here later than Tom. Later, you will know the truth. latest adj. 最近的，最新的
Mo Yan’s latest novel will come out next week. lately adv. 最近
Have you seen her lately? latter adj. 后者的
I think the latter one is more creative. 六、易混词辨析
1. much too+adj./adv. : 非常，太
too much+不可数名词：太多的? 2.alone lonely single
single adj. 单身的
alone adj./adv. 单独的，独自
lonely adj. 孤独的
如：Although he is single and lives alone, he doesn’t feel lonely.
3.still silent
silent adj. 沉默的，不出声的 still adj. 静止的 adv. 仍然，静止
如：Grace is always silent in class, so her dad often punishes her to stand still.
4.ill sick
ill adj. 生病的（只作表语） sick adj. 生病的（表语&定语） 如：The girl is ill/sick. √
This is a sick girl. √ This is an ill girl. ×
5.good well
good adj. 好的
well adj. 健康的，专指身体好。 adv. 好地，完全地 如：Good living habits can make us well.
6.special especially
special adj. 特殊的 especially adj. 尤其
如：He likes special hair styles, especially the middle one.
7.fast soon
fast adj./adv. 快的，快地（速度） soon adj. 很快会（时间）
8. sometime: 某个时候
We will go to the beach sometime in August. some time: 一段时间
I need some time to do my homework. sometimes:有时候
I sometimes have bread for breakfast. some times: 几次，几倍
This tree is some times taller than that one. He has too much money, so he is much too rich. Although he lived alone, he never felt lonely.
He is a good doctor. He does his study well. He takes exercise every day, so he is very well.
5.4. 排序：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。
a beautiful small round new Chinese wooden table
***两注意
1) deep adj. 深的 adv. 深地 （具体）
deeply adj. 深深地 （抽象） 如：The hole is deep.
I love my family deeply.
类似的词语还有：high/highly, close/closely 易错点：hard adv. 努力地 adj. 坚硬的，困难的 hardly adv. 几乎不
2) 习惯用法（固定搭配）
strong wind heavy traffic heavy fog high/low price
large/small population
Grammar Focus: 形容词、副词（下） 一、含义：
比较级：两者间的比较
最高级：三者或三者以上的比较 二、形容词副词比较级最高级的构成 1、规则变法口诀：直去双改多
1）直；直接 +er/est richer/est shorter/est harder/est 2) 去；以不发音e结尾，去e+er/est nicer/est cuter/est
3) 双：重读闭音节，双写最后一个辅音+er/est hotter/hottest bigger/est thinner/est
4) 改：辅音加y，改y为i+er happier/est easier/est 5) 多：多音节加more more/most beautiful
2、不规则变法口诀：
good-better-best bad/badly-worse-worst well-better-best ill-worse-worst many-more-most few-fewer-fewest much-more-most little-less-least old-older-oldest（年龄较大）
old-elder-eldest (辈分较高，elder brother:哥哥) far-farther-farthest（距离远）
far-further-furthest(程度远，如 further study: 深造)
3、比较级原则口诀：
①单单相比-The apple is bigger than that one. ②复复相比-My books are heavier than her books. ③同类相比-His head is bigger than mine.
4、句型：常考短语和句型 1. 原级
Tigers are as dangerous as lions.
1) as +adj./adv.原级+ as A和B一样 This apple is as big as that one. 2) not so/as +adj./adv.原级+ as A不如B This apple is not so/as big as that one. e.g. Evan is as handsome as Nay. Evan is not as/so handsome as Nay. 2、比较级-递增比较
Elephants are bigger than zebras.
1) adj./adv.比较级+than 比?.更??. This apple is bigger than that one. 2) 修饰比较级的词：much, a lot, far, even, still, a little, a bit, any, e.g. I am a little more handsome than Evan. 3、特殊句型
1) 比较级 + and + 比较级
e.g. Rambo is becoming fatter and fatter. Cars are getting cheaper and cheaper.
Houses are getting more and more expensive. 2) The+比较级，the+比较级? 越?，越?
The harder you work, the higher scores you will get. The more you eat, the stronger you will be.
3) one of the + adj.最高级 + 名词
e.g. You are one of the most clever students in China. 4) the + 序数词 + adj.最高级 + 名词
e.g. Elephants are the second largest animals in the world. 三、最高级
1、原则：三者或三者以上比较
2、最高级+of+与主语相同的性质：She is the tallest of the girls. 最高级+in+与主语不同的性质：She is the tallest in the class.
3、最···之一：one of +the+最高级+名词复数：Mozart is one of the most famous musicians in the world. 4、最高级不加the的情况
*已有其他修饰词。my best friend。 *副词最高级。 run fastest
数词
一、数词分类：数词分为基数词和序数词。 1.基数词的读法：口诀：
1 到 12 特殊记: one, two, three... 13 到 19+teen 20,30?90+ty
个位十位加—（横杠） 25: twenty-five 百位十位加 and
105: one hundred and five 1,000 one thousand(一千) 1,000,000 one million (一百万) 1,000,000,000 one billion(十亿)
2. million ，hundred 和 thousand 的用法口诀 ：(常考） 【 billion, dozen】 三明大法
①前有数字表实数，后无 s 和 of； five hundred two hundred students 两百名学生 ②表虚数词,前无数字后有 s 和 of表示“成?上?” ； hundreds of birds 数以百计的鸟 ③前有数字后无 S 但后面名词有修饰词时有 of five hundred of the students *. dozens of = many
3.基数词变序数词的口诀：
1、2、3 特殊记: first, second, third 8 去 t，九去 e: eighth, ninth ve 要用 f 替: fifth, twelfth 见 y 变成 i 和 e: twentieth
若是遇上几十几，只变个位就可以。ninety-first 注意：4： four, fourteen, forty, fourth 9: nine, nineteen, ninety, ninth
二、时间日期的表达 2.时间表达：
a. 整读法，eight o’clock；
b. 顺读法，It’s ten ten.；
c. 逆读法 ≤30，分 past 时 It’s half past ten； ＞30，剩分 to 下时， It’s fifteen to elven. 3. 日期表达：年基日序， August 8th, 2008 (月日年)； 8th of August, 2008(日+of 月年)
三、年代的表达
年代：in the 十位整数年代 s/’ s
Eg: in the 1990s= in the 1990’s 在 20 世纪 90 年代 四、年龄的表达
年龄： in one’s 整数+s (复数) ——在某人多大时?.
Eg: in her twenties 在她二十岁时 in my twenties: 在我 20 几岁时 in her teens 在她 10 岁时
五、倍数的表达 A 是 B 的多少倍
1. A+谓语动词+倍数+as +形容词或副词原型+as + B e.g. China is 25 times as large as Japan.
2. A+谓语动词+倍数+the size/length/height/width +of+B e.g. China is 25 times the size of Japan.
六、编号的表达：名词+数字(注意：先名词再数词，首字母大写。)
如 Room 809/ Bus No. 11 表示 809 房和 11 路公交 Lesson one=the first lesson 口诀: 名后为基，名前为序，编号大名+基
七、分数的表达 1. 构成
子基母序：分子是基数词，而分母是序数词；当分子大于 1 时，分母+s, 1/3：one third; 2/3: two thirds 百分数表达：10% ten percent 百分号后正常读
2. 当分数和百分数修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。 当分数和百分数修饰不可数名词或者名词单数时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g Eighty percent of the students come from Guangzhou.
Two thirds of the water on the earth is sea water.
八、小数的表达：3.14 three point one four “点”译为 point, 其余位上的数字顺读。
九、运算的表达
1. 3+9 Add 3and 9 Three and/plus nine is/equals twelve. 2. 9-3 Subtract 3 from 9 Nine minus three is/equals six. 3. 3× 2 Multiple3 by 2 Three multiplied by two is six. 4. 9÷3 Divide 3 by 9 Nine divided by three is three
连词
并列连词
1. 定义：连接相同句法功能的词、短语或者句子的词。 2. 分类
2.1 并列顺承关系
2.1.1 and 并列：和 ；顺承：然后
如：Time and tide wait for no man.(和)
Come early here and you will see her. （然后）
2.1.2 as well as 除了??还有；和（就远原则）
如：Lele as well as his friends is clever. 2.1.3 both?and? 两者都 （谓语一定用复数）
如：Both Lele and Kuan are falling down.
2.1.4 not only? but also? 不仅??而且??（就近原则）
如：Not only Lele but also his friends are clever. 2.1.5 neither?nor? 既不??也不??（就近原则）
如：Neither my parents nor my brother likes running.
2.2 转折关系
2.2.1 while 而（表示对比）
如：Kuan has got many watches, while lele only got one. 2.2.2 but 但是（表示转折）
如：Lele lost the game, but he didn’t give up. 2.2.3 yet 但是（转折）
如：Lele bought a bottle of beer, yet it was broken into pieces.
2.3 因果关系（for/because和so 不能同时出现；though和but也一样） 2.3.1 for 因为=because 2.3.2 so 所以 2.4 选择关系
2.4.1 either? or? 要么??要么??；或者??或者??（就近原则）
Either my friends or I am a teacher. 2.4.2 or 或者（就近原则）
Kuan’s friends or kuan likes watches.
从属连词
定义：引导某一状语从句 种类：
1、 引导时间状语从句
☆ when “当?时候”，不限动词时态，当表示将来时时，遵从“主将从现” ? When I was a child, I dreamed of being a teacher in the future. ? Ryan will call you when he comes back.
☆ while “当?时候”，用于进行时，需用延续性动词 ? I was cooking dinner while my mother was playing PSP.
☆ as soon as “一?就?”， 当表示将来时时，遵从“主将从现” ? We will leave for Guangzhou as soon as we get the tickets.
☆ not?until “直到?才?”，后接瞬间性动词，表将来时，遵从“主将从现” ? I didn’t go home until I finished my work yesterday. ? Ryan will not come back until it stops raining.
☆ until “直到?”，后接延续性动词，表将来时，遵从“主将从现” ? You may stay here until the rain stops.
连词
when
while
as soon as
not?until
until
2、 引导条件状语从句
☆ if “如果”，表将来时，遵从“主将从现”
? We will go for a picnic if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. 3、 引导让步状语从句
后接延续性动词
后接瞬间动词
表将来时，主将从现
无限制
表将来时，主将从现
后接延续性动词
表将来时，主将从现
不限时态，不限动词
进行时
动词用法
表将来时，主将从现
时态
☆ although，though “虽然，尽管”，不能与but连用 ? Although/Though I am fat, I can run fast. 4、 引导原因状语从句
☆ because “因为”，不与so连用
? Ryan was late for school because he didn’t catch the bus. ☆ since “既然，由于”（表示明显的或双方已知的理由） ? Since everyone is here, let’s start. ☆ as “由于”（比since的语气弱）
? As I didn’t know the answer, I went to ask the teacher. 5、 引导结果状语从句
☆ so + adj./adv. + that 从句 “如此?以至于?”
? Ryan is so handsome that all the students like him very much. ☆ such + a/an + adj./adv. + n + that 从句 “如此?以至于?”
? Ryan is such a handsome teacher that all the students like him very much. ☆ so + many/much/little/few + n +that 从句 ? There are so many students in this classroom.
动词/动词/动词/动词/动词/动词/动词/动词/
非谓语动词（上）
1. 后接动名词（doing）的动词：
finish, practice, be worth, be busy, keep, be used to, give up, consider, suggest feel like, enjoy, miss, mind
口诀：完成实践值得忙，继续习惯别放弃，考虑建议不禁想，喜欢思念要介意 常考短语：
look forward to doing : 期待做? We look forward to seeing him again. It’s no good/use doing?做?没有用 It’s no good crying every day. 2. 后接不定式（to do）的动词：
want, hope, wish, agree, promise, ask, offer, refuse, manage, learn, decide, pl 口诀：三个愿望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝，设法学会做决定，不要计划再选择 3. 后接 sb. to do 的动词：
ask, tell, want, order, teach, allow, advise 否定形式（sb. not to do sth.) 使役动词后接 sb. do: let, make, have
4. 既可接动词原形（do）又可接动名词（doing）的动词： 看：see, watch, notice, observe, 听：listen to, hear 感觉：feel
接 sb./sth. doing ：正在； 接 sb./sth. do：经常，全过程 5. 既可接不定式（to do）又可接动名词（doing）的动词：
情态动词
一、
情态动词的定义:表示人的情态和态度的词
注意：情态动词后加动词原型，没有人称和数的变化。
如：In the village, dragons are ? so they have to be killed. 二、三大词 can
1. can表示说话人能够做某事，“可以，能” he can play with the dragon. 2. can可以用来提出请求
---Can/Could I smoke here, please? ---Yes, you can./ Certainly. /Sure. No, you can’t. 注意：
could不表示过去，只是更委婉 3. can和be able to区别 can1. 现在时、过去时两种时态 2. 一直存在的能力 Be able to
1. 现在时、过去时和将来时
2. 强调具体某一次的能力 (含“经过努力做成 ?”之意) may
1. may表示说话人的猜测，“可能，也许”You may think the dragons are cute. 2. may可以用来提出请求 ---May I have a word with you?
---Yes, you may(can)./ Certainly. /Sure. No, you may not (can’t/ mustn’t). must
1. must表示主观上的“必须”
have to指在客观环境逼迫下“不得不”
2. ---Must I do the housework now? ---Yes, you must. No, you needn’t. /No, you don’t have to.
3. must的否定形式mustn’t 表示禁止，“不许，一定不要”
You mustn’t play football in the street.
4. must表示肯定的猜测，“一定，肯定”
不用于否定句、疑问句中 ,表示“肯定不是”用can’t
The man must be Yao Ming.
情态动词比较： 1. must & have to
must:必须，一定 （主观看法） have to: 不得不 （客观需要） mustn’t: 不准、禁止 don’t have to: 不必= needn’t Garfield has to see a doctor. I must visit him.
The kid mustn’t smoke. My father doesn’t have to stop smoking.
2. must& need
用 must 进行提问时：肯定回答：must. 否定回答：needn’t/don’t have to Must I go home by bus?
Yes, you must. No, you needn’t=you don’t have to
3. may & must 猜测
must : 肯定猜测（有事实依据）
may：也许（不确定的猜测） （might 可能性更小）You may think the dragons are cute. It might/may/must be a dog.
4. must & can
must 一定（有把握的猜测），用于肯定句。否定形式→can’t Can it be Xiaoshenyang?
It must be him. It can’t be him. 5. can & could
can: 请求 could: 请求，更委婉 Can/could you give me a cup of water?
6. may & can
can: 请求 may: 请求 (委婉) might (更委婉)
肯定回答： may/can 否定回答： can’t/mustn’t（明文禁止危险时） （1）May I smoke here? No, you can’t/mustn’t. （2）May I smoke here?
No, you mustn’t. Look at the sign-NO SMOKING.
7. will & would
决定，愿望（would）过去时 I will get 1000 scores. 表请求，would 更委婉 Wouldyou like + n.
Wouldyou like to do= want to do
回答:Yes, please. 或者 Yes，I’d like/love to.
***情态动词-提问与回答 must / need May** may/can can can Wouldyou like Yes, please. 或者 Yes，I’d like/love to. 否定 needn’t/don’t have to can’t/mustn’tcan’t 明文禁止、危险时 **相当于情态动词的固定词组
在初中课本上还有以下固定词组，也起着与情态动词一样的作用：
had better?（最好??），Shall I（we）?？（我/我们可以这样做吗？） would like（非常想），Will/Would you (please)?？（请你??吗？） used to（过去常常）。
It’s late. I’d better go and lood for him.（太迟了。我最好去找他。） You’d better not read books in poor light.（你最好不要在微弱的灯光下看书。） Shall we start the meeting at once?（我们立即开会好吗？） Will you get me some chalk?（你拿些粉笔给我好吗？） Would you like some bananas?（来点香蕉好吗？）
From: http://www.hxen.com/word/yufacihui/2007-12-24/21454.html
肯定 must 系动词
连系动词也称为系动词，用于连接主语和表语，表示主语身份、性质、状态。连系动词有一定词义，但不完整，不能单独做谓语，必须和表语连用，构成系表结构。例如： You are a teacher, but not a good one. 你是一个老师，但不是好老师。 We feel very happy when we know it. 当我们知道这个的时候，我们都非常高兴。 英语经常用到的连系动词有：
(1) 状态连系动词：表示主语的状态、性质、身份。常用的有be。 My father is very strong. 我的爸爸非常强壮。 (2) 持续连系动词：表示继续或保持一种状态或情况。
常用的有：stay (保持)，remain (保持)，continue (继续)等。 (3) 表象连系动词：用来表示“看起来”的这一概念的词。 常见的有 appear(看起来)，seem(看似)，look(看起来)。
Your mother looks much younger than I thought. 你妈妈比我想象得年轻多了。 (4) 感官连系动词：
常用的有feel(摸起来)，taste(尝起来)，smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)look(看起来)。 The milk tastes a little sour. 这牛奶品尝起来有点酸。
(5) 转变或结果连系动词：become(变为)，get(成为)，grow(长得)，turn(变得)，go(变得)等。
Our village is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的村庄正在变得越来越漂亮。 3.助动词
助动词本身没有词意，或者意义不完全，不能单独作谓语，只能和别的动词一起在句子中作谓语，帮助动词构成各种时态、语态等及否定、疑问、强调等。主要的助动词有：be，do，have，shall，will等。例如：
Will you have a sports meeting next week? 你们下一个星期举行体育运动会吗? Is your mother cooking?你妈妈在做饭吗?
Don’t be late for class next time. 下次上课不要再迟到了。
动词：及物动词 & 不及物动词
1. 及物动词 vt.
定义：及物动词后面接动作的承受者 例：One day, the passed a house. He found the killer at last.
2. 不及物动词 vi.
定义：不及物动词后面不能直接跟动作的承受者 例： His father agreed him. (错)
His little brother came China. (错) The children are listening the music. (错) 需要借助介词。
例： His father agreed with him.
His little brother came to China. The children are listening to the music.
3. 既是及物动词也是不及物动词 1）意义不变
例： The cheese smelt. (不及物)
His little brother wanted to smell the cheese. (
2）意义变化 例：
beat vt. 敲打 grow vt. 种植 play vt. 打（牌、球），演奏 smell vt. 闻、嗅 味
speak vt. 说（语言）
及物) vi. 跳动 vi. 生长 vi. 玩耍
vi. 发出气 vi. 讲话
6大时态：一现、一过、一将、现进、现完、过进
一般现在时：
构成：主语+动词原形+其它 主语（he, she, it）+动词三单+其它
用法：1. 表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。 I brush my teeth every day. 2. 表示客观事实和普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 3. 用在格言或警句中 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成 4. 在时间条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时（主将从现） If it rains tomorrow, we will not go shopping.
常用时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, twice a week, every day, on Mondays
一般过去时
一、构成： 主语+动词过去式+其他 Joyce was an obese girl in the past.
One day, she made up her mind to lose weight, so she did exercise every day.
二、用法：
1. 表示过去的状态，或过去发生的动作。 Joyce was an obese girl in the past. 2. 表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。 She did exercise every day. 3. 情景考点。
---Why did you smoke here? Didn’t you see the sign? ---Sorry , I ____________it. 三、一般过去时标志词：
yesterday, the day before yesterday, just now, last night/week/month/year/century?
?ago, the other day, in the old days, in 2010,in the past, when引导的时间状从句
口诀：昨天上个XX前，in加年份when字连
句式变化 A、变否定句：
1、主语 + didn’t + do
Ryan didn’t go to school yesterday. 2、主语 + wasn’t/weren’t + 其他
Ryan wasn’t interested in English last year. B、变一般疑问句： 1、Did + 主语 + do
Did Ryan have a big dinner last night? 2、Were/was + 主语 + 其他
Was Ryan interested in delicious food? C、变特殊疑问句：
1、对主语提问：特殊疑问词 + 动词过去式 + 其他 Who ate the apple I bought yesterday?
2、对非主语提问：特殊疑问词 + did/was/were + 主语 + 其他 Where did you go last night?
When did Ryan buy 100 bottles of milk?
动词过去式-构成方法：
——规则变化 直：+
ed work—worked; stay—stayed; want—wanted 去：去不发音的e，+
ed hope--hoped; believe—believed; decide—decided
双：重读闭音节双写辅音字母+ ed stop—stopped; admit—admitted; refer—referred
改：以辅音+y结尾的单词，改y为i + ed study—studied; try—tried; worry—worried ——不规则变化（见总结的表）
AAA型：cut—cut—cut; put—put—put;
ABB型：burn—burnt—burnt; hear—heard—heard; buy—bought—bought
ABC型：eat—ate—eaten; fall—fell—fallen; choose—chose—chosen ABA型：come—came—come; run—ran—run; become—became—become AAB型：beat—beat—beaten;
一般将来时
一、构成：
1. Sb. be going to do sth 2. Sb. will/shall do sth 3. Sb. be about to do sth
Look at the clouds! It’s going to rain.
Mary will be 9 years old, so they plan to hold a birthday party for her. I am about to leave. 1. 构成 a: 结构 will do
肯定句：主语+will do 否定句：主语+will not do 疑问句：Will +主语+do? 用法：最常用
b: 肯定句：主语+shall do 否定句：主语+shall not do 疑问句：Shall+主语+do? 用法：第一人称（I, we）
c: 肯定句：主语+be going to do 否定句：主语+be not going to do 疑问句：be+主语+going to do?
用法：表示计划，打算做；年龄通常不用，有迹象表明（天气首选）。口诀：年龄不选天气选 2. 用法：表示将要发生的动作 表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事 3. 常用时间状语
Tomorrow, next week, soon, in the future, in +一段时间（??之后）
二、中考六大考点
考点一 有迹象表明要发生的事用be going to Look at the clouds! It’s going to rain. 考点二 表示必然会发生的事用will Mary will be 9 years old. 考点三 进行时表将来
Hurry up! The plane is taking off.
口诀：来来去去待带开始死 come，arrive, go, leave, stay, take, start, begin, die. 考点四 be about to do 表示即将发生的动作，不接时间状语，但可与when连用 The woman was about to leave when the telephone rang.
考点五 标志词： next week, soon, in the future, tomorrow, in+一段时间
考点六 be going to 与will的区别
will be going to 七、其他
1. 常见的从句引导词：if; unless; as soon as; not?until?; when; before; after 遵从“主将从现”原则
? Ryan will not come back until it starts to rain.
2.will 和 shall 的区别： shall 只用于第一人称；will 可用于任何人称 ? I/We shall meet them tomorrow night.
? I/He/She/Ryan will meet them tomorrow night. -------构成------------------- 现在进行时：1.直接+ing 2.去e, +ing
3.重读闭音节结尾，双写末尾辅音字母，+ing 4.改词尾ie为y, +ing
主客观 客观实现 主观判断
决定/打算 临时决定 计划打算
事物出现的迹象
无迹象 有迹象
现在进行时
一、结构：主语+am ( is, are）+动词 ing 二、现在进行时的用法-常见的用法 1. 表示现在正在进行的动作 如：We are dancing now. 2. 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作 如：They are making baozi these days. 3. 表示即将发生的动作
如：Hurry up! The plane is leaving. 三、注意
地点转移动词用 be doing 的形式表将来，如 come, arrive, go, leave, stay, take, die 口诀：来来去去待带死 四、常用标志词
now, right now, at the moment, at this time
过去进行时
一、结构：主语+was/were+动词 ing 二、用法
1. 过去精确时间正在进行的动作
如：He was having breakfast at 6 yesterday morning. 2. 表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作 如：He was writing a book last year.
三、标志词：at+具体时刻+过去时间，at this time+过去时间， at that moment+过去时间， from nine to ten last evening, when, while 四、特殊句型
a. 表示一个持续的动作发生过程中闯入另外一个动作
如：过去进行时+when+一般过去时 I was watching TV when she came in. b. 表示过去的两个同时发生的持续的动作
如：过去进行时+while+一般过去时 I was writing while my mother was cooking.
现在完成时
一、构成
肯定：have/has +过去分词. 否定：have/has +not+过去分词. 疑问：Have/Has+主语+过去分词? 二、含义（重难点）
a. 已完成：He has drawn 3 beautiful pictures. 一个动作在过去发生，已经结束，强调对现在的影响。 b. 未完成：I have lived in Guangzhou for over 300 years. 一个动作开始于过去持续到了现在。 三、标志词
already 已经（肯定句中或句末） yet 已经（否定句或疑问句句末）ever 曾经（过分前） never 从不（过分前） for+时间段：长达? since+时间点：自从? just 只，仅（过分前） ；
so far; up to now; up till now:迄今为止 四、常考短语
has/have been to: 去过已回 has/have gone to:去了未回 has been in: 一直在?
语法复习-时态 特殊时态用法：
1.if, unless, when, as soon as, not until 主将从现 2.come, go, arrive, soon 进行时表将来
3.has been to 去过，已离开 has gone to 去了，未归 has been in 4.瞬时动词不连 for, since, how long
常见瞬时动词：come, arrive, go, leave, die, open, join
在??停留 可替换形式：be+ adj./adv./n. 表状态
4. 四大时态复习
Mcdull was born in 1995.（一般过去时） He is eating a lot these days.（现在进行时）
In order to lose weight, Mcdull does sports every day.（一般现在时） Luckily, he will eat his favorite food on his birthday. （一般将来时）
时态的定义 一般现在时：
A：表习惯性或规律性的动作。 B：表现在状态。 一般过去时：
A：过去某个时间发生的动作 B：过去经常性/习惯性的动作 C：表过去状态 一般将来时：
A：将来某时会发生的动作 B：将来计划、打算做的动作 C．表将来状态 现在进行时: A． B． C．
说话时正在进行的动作 现阶段正在发生的动作 现在进行时表将来
时态的构成
一般现在时：主+ am/is/are 或主+do/does
一般过去时：主+did/was/were
一般将来时：主+ will/shall/be going to+ v原（动词原形） 现在进行时：主+ am/is/are + doing
动词的变形 一般现在时：1. +s
2.以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es
3.以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i，+es 4. 以o结尾的动词，+es 一般过去时：1.直接+ed 2.去e, +ed
3.重读闭音节或-r 音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母（x除外），双写末尾辅音字母，+ed
4.改词尾y为,+ed 一般将来时：无
现在进行时：1.直接+ing 2.去e, +ing
3.重读闭音节结尾，双写末尾辅音字母，+ing 4.改词尾ie为y, +ing
时态的标志词
一般现在时：总经常，有每没，复星周（always, often, usually, sometimes, every day, never, on Sundays, once a day?）
一般过去时：昨天上个XX前，in加（过去的）年份when字连（yesterday，last week, three weeks ago, in 2008, when I was?）
一般将来时：明天下个XX后，in加时段表将来 （tomorrow， next week， in three weeks?） 现在进行时：时间类：now, at the moment, these days, this month
情景类：look, listen, be careful, look out, where is Tom? I can’t find him.
各时态考点
一般现在时：1.表示客观事实、普遍真理
Our science teacher told us the earth goes (go) around the sun. 2. 主将从现
If it rains(rain) tomorrow, we won’t go to the park. 3.表示按规定或时间表将发生的动作
According to the timetable, the plane takes off （take off）at 8:10. 一般过去时：[公邮已有不规则动词变化表，请另行下载]
1.可以表过去某一段时间内经常或反复出现的动作（即使有always, often等频率副词也用过去时态）
When I was young, I often went (go) swimming.
2. 可以用“used to + 动词原形” 表过去经常或者反复发生的动作
I used to visit (visit) my grandparents in the past. 一般将来时:
1. be going to + v原：有迹象表明要发生的事情
Look at the clouds! There is going to (will/be going to) be a storm. 2. will v原：必然发生的，不可改变的事情
Little Mary will (will/be going to) 13 years old next year.
3.现在进行时表将来（来来去去开始停止死，come, arrive, go, leave, start, begin, stop, die） The bus is coming soon. 现在进行时:
1. 表示现阶段正在发生的动作
These days most young people are reading (read) that popular novel. 2. 说话时正在进行的动作
Look! The boys are swimming (swim) happily in the river. 3. 感官系动词没有进行时：smell, look, feel, taste, sound Listen, that song sounds nice.
4. be always doing可以表示极端的感情色彩, 如厌烦，抱怨或惊喜等。 Why are you always making me tired?
被动语态（上） 一、定义
被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。 二、构成
be+及物动词的过去分词 ( be+done)
be 本身无词义，但有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化与时态中的变化一致。 三、主动语态改为被动语态的步骤 1. 找出句子的主语和宾语 2. 主语与宾语互换位置
3. 将主动语态的谓语动词改为 “be+过去分词”结构 4. 将主动语态的主语放在介词 by 后（不强调时可省略） 5. 其它成分照抄后置
四、一般现在、一般过去、一般将来时态的主动、被动语态结构表（以动词 do 为例）
被动语态（下）
一、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成时的被动语态结构（以动词 do 为例）
注：含有情态动词的主动变被动：情态动词+be done eg. I can find him.→ He can be found by me. 二、被动语态易错点
1. 有些动词如 make, let, watch, see, hear 等， 在主动语态改为被动语态时不定式前要加 to. eg. They watched the children sing that morning. → The children were watched to sing that morning.
口诀：使役感官真奇怪，to 在句里像妖怪，主动句里它走开，被动句里它回来。 2. 保持短语完整性
e.g We must take good care of the baby. → The baby must be taken good care of. 补充：3. 无宾语，无被动；主系表无被动；there be 句型无被动。 e.g The bus comes here. There are lots of trees. He is a student.