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--conflicts (suspense, tension) --climax

--denouement 2. Main idea

3. Organization： --introduction --development --climax

--conclusion

III. Effective Writing Skills: 1. making effective use of verbs

2. using many elliptical and short, simple sentences to achieve certain effect IV. Rhetorical Devices: 1. transferred epithet 2. personification 3. metaphor 4. simile

V. Special Difficulties

Avoiding the following kinds of mistakes: 1. run-on sentences 2. sentence fragments

3. dangling modifiers

4. illogical or faulty parallelism

5. unnecessary shifts in point of view 6. paraphrasing some sentences 7. identifying figures of speech

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VI. Questions

1. What is the organizational pattern of this piece of narration?

2. What does the writer focus chiefly on --- developing character, action (plot), or idea (theme)? 3. Who is the protagonist in the story?

4. How does the writer build up and sustain the suspense in the story? 5. Why did John Koshak feel a crushing guilt?

Unit 2: Marrakech by George Orwell

I. Additional Background Knowledge 1. George Orwell 2. Morocco 3. Marrakech

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4. The Jewish people

II. Introduction to the Passage

1. Type of literature: a piece of exposition 2. The purpose of a piece of exposition:

-- to inform or explain

3. Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition:

--comparision, contrast, analogy, identification, illustration, analysis, definition, etc. 4. The central thought or thesis

III. Effective Writing Skills:

1. making effective use of specific verbs

2. using the methods of contrast, illustration, comparision, etc. 3. clever choice of words and scenes and tenses IV. Rhetorical Devices: 1. rhetorical questions 2. repetition 3. metaphor 4. simile

5. elliptical sentences

V. Special Difficulties

1. Making sentences more compact by proper subordination, such as subordinate clauses, appositives, prepositional or verbal phrases. 2. Discriminating groups of synonyms:

--wail, cry, weep, sob, whimper, moan --glisten, glitter, flash, shimmer, sparkle 3. Paraphrasing some sentences 4. Identifying figures of speech

VI. Questions

1. Orwell shows the poverty of the natives in at least five ways. Identify them. 2. Could paragraphs 4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Why or why not? 3. Does this essay give readers a new insight into imperialism?

4. Comment on Orwell’s lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.

Unit 3: Pub Talk and King’s English

by Henry Fairlie

I. Additional Background Knowledge 1. pub/pub-friends

2. Dumas/Three Musketeers

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3. Carlyle 4. Charles Lamb

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II. Introduction to the Passage

1. Type of literature: a piece of exposition 2. The thesis

3. What makes a good conversation 4. Seemingly loose organization

a. title b. transitional paragraph c. digression 5. Highly informal language

a. abundance of simple idiomatic expressions cheeked by jowl with copious literary and historical

allusions b. a mixed metaphor in paragraph 2

III. Effective Writing Skills:

1. deliberately writing this essay in a conversational style to suit the theme 2. making effective use of specific verbs IV. Rhetorical Devices: 1. metaphor

2. mixed metaphor 3. simile

V. Special Difficulties 1. Idiomatic expressions: --be on the rocks

--get up on the wrong side of the bed --be on wings

--turn up one’s nose at sth. --into the shoes of 2.Allusions

--descendants of convicts --Saxon churls

--Norman conquerors --musketeers of Dumas

3.The use of transitional devices

--transitional words and expressions --pronoun reference

--repetition of important words 4. Paraphrasing some sentences 5.Identifying figures of speech

VI. Questions

1. What, according to the author, makes a good conversation? What spoils it?

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2. What is the author’s attitude of the writer towards ― the King’s English‖?

3. How does the use of words show class distinction?

4. What does the writer mean when he says, ―the King’s English, like the Anglo- French of the

Normans, is a class representation of reality‖?

Unit 4: Inaugural Address

by John F. Kennedy

I. Additional Background Knowledge 1. John F Kennedy

2. His assasination 3. Inauguration

4. Inaugural address

5. Cold war period: socialist camp vs. capitalist camp II. Introduction to the Passage

1. Type of literature: political speech 2. Object of a political speech:

--to explain --to convince --to persuade

3. Well organized and highly rhetorical 4. Biblical style/language 5. Often-quoted passages

III. Effective Writing Skills:

1. Employing suitable rhetorical devices and words to create the desired emotional impact 2. clear order and appropriate tone to the different groups he is addressing 3. Employing Biblical style deliberately IV. Rhetorical Devices: 1. metaphor 2. antithesis 3. parallelism 4. repetition

V. Special Difficulties

1. Biblical language/quotations/style

2.Using the following methods for force, vividness and emotional appeal: --Parallel and balanced structure --Repetition of important words --Antithesis

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