– “any substance, synthetic or natural in origin which treats, augments or

replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”

Alloys 1804 - steel pins 1914 - steel plates

1924 - Xierold - first assessment of biocompatibility of metals /alloys

– Cu, Zn, Ni, Steel, Mg, Fe and Al - discolored – Ag, Au, Stellite (CoCr), Pb - no discoloration 1926 - stainless steels (18-8) developed and introduced 1929 - Werner Forssman - selfcatheterization to heart, x-ray, and Nobel Prize

1940 - Ti first used in pacemakers and heart valves

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