?I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. ?那男孩子可真会捣乱。
?That boy is a master complicator/ troublemaker. ?你们今天老是看着钟表等待下课啊！ ?You are all clock-watchers today. ?他失业以后，就很不合群了。 ?Since he lost his job, he?s been a loner. ?计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。
?The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. ?每个国家需要什么来保卫国家安全，只有它自己才能做出最好的判断。 ?Every country is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security. ?不幸，他必须拉洋车。
?Unluckily, he must(had no choice but to be) a rickshaw puller. ?用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语。 ?Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start ?中美贸易回顾会谈开始
?January Crude Oil Output Beats Target ?一月份原油产量超过指标
?500-Meter-Long Flood Prevention Dyke Built ?五百米长的防洪坝建成
?这种名词连用的短语结构简化，表达方便，词数少而信息量大，其使用范围已大大超出了报刊标题。 ?Generation gap ?Figure control problem ?保持优美身材的问题 ?Job opportunity discrimination ?(因种族或性别而异的）就业机会歧视 ?Space shuttle fight test program ?航天飞机试飞计划
?Satellite communication ground station equipment repairer ?卫星通信地面设备修理人员 ?中国建设银行
?China Construction Bank ?中国人民保险公司
?People?s Insurance Company of China ?介词的语言 ?He is at his book.
?他在读书。
?He has someone behind him. ?有人给他撑腰。
?The machine is in operation. ?机器正在运行。 ?Is this train for Chicago? ?这趟汽车是开往芝加哥的吗？ ?Shall we go to the theater? ?咱们到剧场看戏，好吗？ ?With these words she went away. ?说完这些话，她便走开了。
?They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. ?他们立即主动去追击敌人。
?用形容词(动词的同源形容词如support-supportive, thank-thankful, create-creative, sleep-asleep)或副词表达动词的意义 ?我怀疑他是否还活着？
?I am doubtful whether he is still alive. ?学生合作得很好，老师向学生表示感谢。
?The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. ?医生同情他的病人。
?The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients. ?恐怕布朗先生出去了，但是他很快会回来的。 ?I?m afraid Mr. Brown is out, but he?ll be in soon. ?他将在半小时内到家。 ?He?ll be home in half an hour.
?The newspaper was down at six yesterday. ?昨天报纸六点付印。
?Down with the old and up with the new ?破旧立新
?动词的弱化和虚化
?英语中最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词——to be, 其各种形式（包括must be, may be, should have been等）都缺乏动感。由it 或there 与be构成的句子，其静态意味更加明显。另外，还have, become, grow, feel, go, come , get, do等也是英语常用的弱势动词。
?There was a tropical storm off the coast of Florida. ?弗罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。
?A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida. ?一场热带风暴袭击了弗罗里达东海岸。
?英语还常常把动词转化或派生成名词，置于虚化动词（have, make, take, do)之后作宾语，如have a look, take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do some damages, put up a proposal等。这类动词短语往往显得虚弱而平淡无味。 ?After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit./ after he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. ?我等着要上路，越等越不耐烦，哪里是等一会儿，一等就是老半天。
?I waited with growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for quite a considerable time.
?我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况——谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。 ?We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other---of everything but our host and hostess. ?党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。 ?Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
? “来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 ??coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. ?他们沿着大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进入了一座大厦。
?Up the street they went, past many stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. ?时过午夜，我们驱车回家。先过了河，又穿过了这个在酣睡中的古老儿可爱的城市。 ?We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town. ?我们深信，社会主义制度终究会倒替资本主义制度。
?We are quite sure that the socialist system will replace the capitalist system in the end. ?他们不满足与他们现有的成就。
?They are not content with their present achievements. ?如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不能研究核子物理学
?It we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.
第五讲
形合与意合
?形合：指得是句中的词语成分或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法关系和逻辑关系。 ?关系词：关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词，如who, whose, that, which,what, when, where, why, how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句，主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。
?连接词：并列连词和从属连词，如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, either…or, when, while, as, since, until, so… that, unless, lest等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。
?介词：简单介词（with, to, in)、合成介词（inside, onto , upon)、成语介词（according to, along with, apart from)，用来连接词、或从句。
?其他连接手段：如形态变化，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致的关系的关系。
?意合：指的是词语或成分之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段。
?语序
?她不老实，我不能信任她。
?Because she is not honest, I can?t trust her./ I can?t trust her,because she is not honest. ?人不犯我，我不犯人。
?We will not attack unless we are attacked. ?说是说了，没有结果。
?I?ve made proposals, but they proved futile. ?抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
?Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. ?反复、排比、对偶、对照。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。 ?他不来，我不去。
?If he won?t come here, I?ll not go there. ?种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 ?As you sow, so will you reap. ?不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？
?If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey? ?东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。
?If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if it lightens in the west, it will be rainy; if it lightens in the south, it will be sultry; if it lightens in the north, it will be stormy.
?紧缩句：这类意合句是由复句紧缩而成的。“所谓?紧?，就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起；所谓?缩?，就是压缩，是略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。”这类句式简明紧凑，分句之间的语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含的。
?有饭大家吃。（如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧。） ?Let everybody share the food if there is any. ?不到黄河心不死。
?Until all is over, ambition never dies. ?狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。
?However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. ?狼披羊皮还是狼。
?A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep?s clothing. ?问遍千家成行家。
?Learn from numerous advisers, and you?ll become a master. ?上梁不正下梁歪。
?If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant./ when those above unworthily, those below will do the same. ?四字格 ?不进则退。