实验四:数据库的各类数据查询操作
一、实验目的
掌握SQL程序设计基本规范,熟练运用SQL语言实现数据的各种查询和设计,包括连接查询、嵌套查询、集合查询等。 二、实验内容和要求
针对KingbaseES数据库设计单个表针对自身的连接查询,设计多个表的连接查询;设计各种嵌套查询和集合查询。了解和掌握SQL查询语句各个子句的特点和作用,按照SQL程序设计规范写出具体的SQL查询语句,并调试通过。 三、实验步骤
? 连接查询
1. 查询每个学生及其选修课程的情况:
select student.*, sc.* from student, sc where student.sno=sc.sno 比较: 笛卡尔集: select student.*, sc.* from student, sc
自然连接: select student.sno, sname, ssex, sdept, cno, grade from student, sc where student.sno=sc.sno
2. 查询每一门课程的间接先行课(只求两层即先行课的先行课):
select First.cno, Second.pcno 间接先行课 from course First, course Second where First.pcno=Second.cno 比较:
select First.cno, Second.pcno 间接先行课 from course First, course Second where First.pcno=Second.cno and Second.pcno is not null
3. 列出所有学生的基本情况和选课情况, 若没有选课,则只列出基本情况信息: SQL Server 中: select s.sno, sname, ssex,sdept, cno, grade from student s, sc sc where s.sno*=sc.sno
4. 查询每个学生的学号, 姓名, 选修的课程名和成绩:
select S.sno, sname, cname, grade from student S, course C, sc SC where S.sno=SC.sno and C.cno=SC.cno
5. 查询平均成绩在80分以上的学生姓名
Select sname from student,sc where student.sno=sc.sno GROUP BY sc.sno HAVING AVG(sc.grade)>80;
? 高级查询
使用带IN谓词的子查询
1. 查询与’刘晨’在同一个系学习的学生的信息: select * from student where sdept in
(select sdept from student where sname='刘晨')
比较: select * from student where sdept =
(select sdept from student where sname='刘晨') 的异同
比较: select * from student where sdept =
(select sdept from student where sname='刘晨') and sname<>'刘晨' 比较: select S1.* from student S1, student S2 where S1.sdept=S2.sdept and S2.sname='刘晨'
2. 查询选修了课程名为’信息系统’ 的学生的学号和姓名: SQL Server中: select sno, sname from student where sno in
(select sno from sc where cno in
(select cno from course where cname='信息系统'))
3. 查询选修了课程’1’和课程’2’的学生的学号:
select sno from student where sno in (select sno from sc where cno='1')
and sno in (select sno from sc where cno='2')
比较: 查询选修了课程’1’或课程’2’的学生的sno:
select sno from sc where cno='1' or cno='2'
比较连接查询:
select A.sno from sc A, sc B where A.sno=B.sno and A.cno='1' and B.cno='2'
使用带比较运算的子查询
1. 查询比’刘晨’年龄小的所有学生的信息:
select * from student where sage<
(select sage from student where sname='刘晨')
使用带Any, All谓词的子查询
2. 查询其他系中比信息系(IS)某一学生年龄小的学生姓名和年龄;
select sname, sage from student where sage (select sage from student where sdept='IS') and sdept<>'IS' 3. 查询其他系中比信息系(IS)学生年龄都小的学生姓名和年龄: select sname, sage from student where sage (select sage from student where sdept='IS') and sdept<>'IS' 4. 查询与计算机系(CS)系所有学生的年龄均不同的学生学号, 姓名和年龄: select sno,sname,sage from student where sage<>all (select sage from student where sdept='CS') 使用带Exists谓词的子查询和相关子查询 5. 查询与其他所有学生年龄均不同的学生学号, 姓名和年龄: select sno,sname,sage from student A where not exists (select * from student B where A.sage=B.sage and A.sno<>B.sno) 6. 查询所有选修了1号课程的学生姓名: select sname from student where exists (select * from sc where sno=student.sno and cno='1') 7. 查询没有选修了1号课程的学生姓名: select sname from student where not exists (select * from sc where sno=student.sno and cno='1') 8. 查询选修了全部课程的学生姓名: select sname from student where not exists (select * from course where not exists ( select * from sc where sno=student.sno and cno=course.cno)) 12. 查询至少选修了学生95002选修的全部课程的学生的学号: select distinct sno from sc A where not exists (select * from sc B where sno='95002'and not exists (select * from sc C where sno=A.sno and cno=B.cno)) 13. 求没有人选修的课程号cno和cnamecname: select cno,cname from course C where not exists (select * from sc where sc.cno=C.cno ) 14. 查询满足条件的(sno,cno)对, 其中该学号的学生没有选修该课程号cno的课程 select sno,cno from student,course where not exists (select * from sc where cno=course.cno and sno=student.sno) 15. 查询每个学生的课程成绩最高的成绩信息(sno,cno,grade): select * from sc A where grade= (select max(grade) from sc where sno=A.sno ) ? 集合查询 1. 查询数学系和信息系的学生的信息; select * from student where sdept='MA' union select * from student where sdept='IS' 2. 查询选修了1号课程或2号课程的学生的学号: select sno from sc where cno='1' Union select sno from sc where cno='2' 思考: 1. 连接查询速度是影响关系数据库性能的关键因素。请讨论如何提高连接查询速度,并进行实验验证。 2. 试分析不相关子查询和相关子查询的区别。 3. 试分析什么类型的查询只能用嵌套查询实现?