五、Type 船型——条件条款——填入BOX5
【案】租船合约订立时要求是Bulker,但来的是OBO船(Ore Bulker Oil)。纽约仲裁认为船型不同,不得接受。
六、LOA/BEAM 长宽
CQD下,承租人原因造成的损失,船东可以向承租人索赔Detention Laytime下,约定Demurrage
【案】合约订立时规定了长宽。但指定船进港时因为没有合适的泊位,造成滞期。此为租方承担,因为租方没有告知泊位情况且同意了船舶的长宽。船东还可以要求租方承担置留损失(Detention)。
七、Hatch Measurement/Size 舱口大小
【案】CA有三票货要拉。其中一票是中方的钢材。船到时发现钢材与舱口大小不匹配,无法装船。中方要求解约。
八、Derrick/Crane吊杆 -Geared Vessel船有船吊 -Gearless Vessel船无船吊
在租约上的表述:Crane 5 * 10MT——有5个克朗吊,每个吊10吨。
【误述责任】看受害方的合同目的是否还能达到。不能达到,受害方可以要求解约。 船吊无法满足要求时,可能要雇用浮吊或岸吊,费用由双方约定,多为船东出。
Eg. 水泥运输 3个可吊5吨的Crane ,实际上船吊无法满足吊水泥,要用岸吊,等了9天——因为是船东误述,所以不能把这9天算进滞期。
九、Age船龄(Year of building)
涉及保险的问题——船东必须如实告知: 保费费率:小于15年——保险标的1%
15到20年——保险标的1%——2%
大于20年——保险标的1%(基础费率)+5%(大于20年费率)
第二节 适航条款
一、绝对适航Absolute Warranty Of Seaworthness 英国Common Law采用绝对适航原则; 在C(ore)7也采用绝对适航原则
绝对适航的阶段原则:doctrine of stage——每一个航段都要保证航段所需要的适航要求 潜在缺陷的不适航,也是不适航——只要船东知道此缺陷而不在开航前修理好,就是不适航。
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二、海牙-维斯比规则下的适航原则 Exercise Due Diligence 海牙规则 Article 3 1. The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to: (a) Make the ship seaworthy. (b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship. (c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.
维斯比规则 Article IVbis Application of Defences and Limits of Liability 1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in these Rules shall apply in any action against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to goods covered by a contract of carriage whether the action be founded in contract or in tort. 2. If such an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier (such servant or agent not being an independent contractor), such servant or agent shall be entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under these Rules. 3. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, and such servants and agents, shall in no case exceed the limit provided for in these Rules. 4. Nevertheless, a servant or agent of the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of - 18 -
the provisions of this Article, if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result. 船员的责任可以以承运人身份享受责任限制。 潜在缺陷下船东可以不负责。
三、金康下的适航原则
2. Owners' Responsibility Clause The Owners are to be responsible for loss of or damage to the goods or for delay in delivery of the goods only in case the loss, damage or delay has been caused by personal want of due diligence on the part of the Owners or their Manager to make the Vessel in all respects seaworthy and to secure that she is properly manned, equipped and supplied, or by the personal act or default of the Owners or their Manager. And the Owners are not responsible for loss, damage or delay arising from any other cause whatsoever, even from the neglect or default of the Master or crew or some other person employed by the Owners on board or ashore for whose acts they would, but for this Clause, be responsible, or from unseaworthiness of the Vessel on loading or commencement of the voyage or at any time whatsoever. 主体:Owner & Manager船东及其船舶经理人——
对比维斯比规则,船员造成的不适航船东不负责。
第三节 英国法下船东默示义务 合理速遣Reasonable/utmost dispatch
【案】中国木材化工公司vs 东风船务有限公司
发生纠纷,船公司自己抛锚,未尽合理速遣义务,船东自身承担货主损失。 CMC-A48:合理谨慎的运送Reasonable Dispatch 第四十八条 承运人应当妥善地、谨慎地装载、搬移、积载、运输、保管、照料和卸载所运货物。
第四节 绕航条款 Deviation
一、英国法下船东默示义务——不得不合理绕航 绕航定义:(英国法)从地理上是离开了航次航程
(中国法)CMC-A49 第四十九条 承运人应当按照约定的或者习惯的或者地理上的航线将货物运往卸货- 19 -
港。船舶在海上为救助或者企图救助人命或者财产而发生的绕航或者其他合理绕航,不属于违反前款规定的行为。 合理绕航情况:(1)救助人命——救助他船船员和本船船员、旅客送去就医
(2)避开海上危险——台风、冰封区、战争、海盗 (3)发生共同海损去避难港的绕航
(4)强制性绕航(被迫绕航)——当地政府作出的强制绕航
(5)其他认为是合理——考虑合同相关的各方利益下的“合理”
一旦船舶作出不合理绕航,租方可以终止合同,并向船东赔偿所有损失。
二、海牙规则下的绕航规定 H/R-A4(4) 4. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of this Convention or of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom. 4. 为救助或企图救助海上人命或财产而发生的绕航,或任何合理绕航,都不能作为破坏或违反本公约或运输合同的行为;承运人对由此而引起的任何灭失或损害,都不负责。 在合理绕航方面,比英国法多了一个“救助财产”视为合理绕航。 现在英国1971海上货物运输法也规定了“救助财产”为合理绕航。
合理绕航标准:要考虑与合同航次各方的利益,包括货主、保险人的利益。 海牙没有规定不合理绕航的事项。
美国1936年海上货运法在上面法条后加了此句:为了装卸货物和旅客的绕航可以初步视为不合理绕航。(即船东为了自己增加利益而绕航是不允许的)。
【案】船上两个工程师修锅炉,修完后工程师要求船东将他们送上岸,此岸不是航次规定的航线。在去岸的途中搁浅,造成搁浅属于驾船过失,可以免责,但因为此为不合理绕航,不可以免责,必须承担责任。
【案】在Space Charter下,一个租约下有几票货物。
一船装有10000吨货,装船港一样,目的港不同,为两家货主。到第一港按时到港,后发生滞期,待第二港时已经延期30天。第二家货主很着急,因为此时市场价暴跌。货主就扣船要求船东索赔。
问题在于,船东签的提单是班轮提单,没有把租约条款并入。本来租约中有“自由加载条款”,可以免责。但没有并入提单,租约上的规定对收货人无约束。船东自己加载,视为不合理绕航。
三、P&I Bunkering Clause保赔协会自由加油条款 金康A3 Deviation Clause自由绕航条款 3. Deviation Clause The Vessel has liberty to call at any port or ports in any order, for any purpose, to sail without pilots, to tow and/or assist Vessels in all situations, and also to - 20 -