Passage 2 （选自Self-Assessment 1）
Careful Use of Words
1 Words are powerful and can be very (0)damaging (damage) when used carelessly. They have the power to evoke potent emotions and they can help inspire, (41)encourage (courage) and motivate people. They can transform the world that we live in and in a crisis they can be your strongest ally同盟者，助手or your most damaging opponent. 2 One should always be very (42) careful(care) when using words, but this is especially so in the midst of a crisis. Who can forget when, during the middle of the largest oil spill in US history, the Chief Executive of BP, Tony Hayward, said―I‘d like my life back‖? When a crisis breaks, a company needs to be (43)particularly(particular) careful in framing its response. While attempting to assert control it also needs to be aware ofthe (44)implication (implicate) of the response and what it may mean in the future. Framed properly, a (45)trained (train) spokesperson can use their language to calm nerves during a very anxious time and can give the public an (46)impression (impress) that the company is in control and working hard to resolve the crisis.
3 The language in all crisis (47)communication (communicate) materials沟通材料 should be carefully managed and reviewed. Have all professional expressions and academic language been removed and adapted? The language should be simple and self-explanatory. Are the communication materials (48) respectful(respect) of all audiences including stakeholders利益相关者, employees, media and the general public? Are words the best method to explain what happened? It may be useful to have a graphic形象的，图表的 (49)designer(design) /photographer available to allow you to communicate clearly what happened in a simple and (50) logical (logic) way. Can your press release be converted into 140 characters or less for Twitter? It‘s unlikely – prepare alternative strategies to allow you to engage via social media channels.
4 A serious crisis can destroy companies and/or individuals. However, proper preparation combined with an appropriate response can actually help improve the reputation of both. Language is a powerful weapon and should be treated as such in all communications.
Passage 3 （选自Self-Assessment 2）
Crude Oil
1 Although crude oil is still (O)vastly (vast) available in the earth‘s crust地壳, it is not a/an (41)infinite (finite) resource. At some point it will eventually be (42) exhausted耗尽的 (exhaust).（注exhaustive意为详尽的，彻底的） The demand for crude oil has increased by gigantic proportions. However, (43)discovering (discovery) of new oil fields and investing in the oil industry have helped keep up with the (44) increasing (increase) demand for oil. The crucial question is, how long will the oil resources last?
2 (45)Advanced (advance) technology has made drilling oil more (46) effective (effect) and efficient. With the aid of new methods it is possible to draw almost 65% of the oil as opposed to与…相比 the old methods. Better infrastructure基础设施 and more (47) investment (invest) have also made the drilling of oil wells more effective. Currently most (48) transportation (transport) is dependent on oil and many industries are born out of or lean on byproducts of petroleum石油. Although alternative sources of energy are now (49) applied (apply), like solar and wind energy, it is still a long way to be completely (50) independent (dependent) of crude oil.
Passage 4 （选自Self-Assessment 3）
Body Image
1 Nowadays, a large number of people are (0) encouraged (courage) to be dissatisfied with their bodies by plastic surgeons整形外科医生, diet plans, and diet pills – all of which foster that (41) dissatisfaction (satisfaction) to make a profit. However, in my opinion, to build a positive body image requires a (42)balanced (balance) diet and (43)healthy(health) lifestyle. 2 In daily life, to eat more fruits and vegetable than meat will help us keep fit. The best way to keep ourselves in shape is to do some (44)vigorous(vigor) exercise every day. Instead of feeling self-conscious and (45)shameful 可耻的，丢脸的/ ashamed羞愧的，惭愧的(shame), or believing your body is a shame of personal (46)failure (fail) and that you are not as attractive as everyone else, you should have a real and clear (47)perception (perceive) of your body parts, appreciate your body for the way it is, and feel
(48)comfortable(comfort) and confident. 3 When we love ourselves rather than covet垂涎，觊觎 and pine for渴望 (49)impossible(possible) standards, we are happier, healthier and ultimately more (50)fulfilled (fulfill).（注：fulfilling令人满意的，令人高兴的）
第七部分：短文写作（第51题，30分） 一、基本写作步骤 1．审题
所谓审题，就是审清作文的要求和所给的材料，如图表说明、关键词、段首句、提纲等等。审题是写作的第一步，也是文章成功的关键所在之一。在考试之中，由于时间仓促，心情紧张，匆忙审题，造成离题万里的现象屡见不鲜。因此可以说能否审清题意是作文、乃至考试成败的关键。在平时进行写作练习的时候，就要有意识地养成认真审题，仔细研究的良好习惯。
弄清作文要求之后，就要确定文章的主题思想。主题思想明确、深刻，才能确保文章言之有物，顺理成章。围绕主题去构思、写作文章，才能思路清晰，不致节外生枝离题万里。 2．提纲
提纲有利于作者理清思路。尤其在考场上，根据提纲写作，能写出层次分明，逻辑性强，表意清晰的好文章，可避免考试时由于情绪紧张而造成的不应有的失误。
提纲有多种类型，可详可略，写作时也可根据自己的经验和特点编写适合于自己的提纲。常见的提纲种类有罗列式提纲、主题式提纲、句子式提纲。所谓罗列式提纲，就是根据题目和所给材料，围绕中心思想，罗列一系列相关的词、短语或句子。主题式提纲比较简略，只写出文章的主题思想即可，写作时依据主题思想，围绕重点，进行扩充和展开。句子式提纲比较详细，顾名思义，就是用句子把文章的主要观点写出来。 3．成文
文章的组织结构：一定要按所列提纲写。一般分为开头、正文、结尾3部分
（1）开头；如引语法、主题句法、提问法、事例法、描述法等。
常用句式：
① There is an old /popular saying /proverb which says /goes…..
② Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the importance/ seriousness of …
③There are different opinions among people as to …Some believe … Others, however, disagree with it. They think…
④….has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
⑤One of our ancient philosophers said, …..Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality. (2) 主体：要注意启承转合，常用句型：
① On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ……. They believe …..Moreover, they think…..
② There are many ways to ….. First, _____.Second _____.Finally, ______.
③ Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to _____. For one thing, ____.For another, ______.Finally, _______. (也可用于结尾)
④ Although the popular belief is a fact, a current study(survey/investigation) indicates that... (3) 结尾
总结文章的主要内容，或者提出希望或展望未来，或者对文章提出的观点进行反问，启发读者思考。如：An open China has realized the importance of business. Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture?
常用句型：
① From what has been discussed /mentioned above, we may conclude that…
② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw /come to the conclusion that…. ③ Only in this way/ in doing so, can sth. be really ….
④ Given the reasons /consideration I have just outlined/ discussed/ presented, I strongly recommend that …..
无论是何种类型，英语（二）作文基本上是三段式作文，根据不同的类型，三段的写法不同。所用的模式也不同。
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二、各类型作文的写法和常用句型 （一）图表 / 看图作文
1. 写作模式：描述图表/图画—分析图表/图画—总结全文（也可以展望未来或发出倡议或表明自己的态度） 2. 常用句型：
（1）表示说明的开篇句式：
As we can see from the chart / graph / table/ picture…
The chart/graph/ table displays/ illustrates/ describes/ indicates/ points out that …
It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table/ graph that…
The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that … The table/chart /graph shows (that) … According to the table/chart /graph, … As is shown in the table/chart /graph, …
As can be seen from the table/chart/ graph/picture, … It can be seen from the figures/statistics that … We can see from the figures/statistics that … As we can see in this picture, … This picture shows that … （2）描述图表的句式：
A takes up/ occupies/ accounts for 20% of the total population/ output/ income/ expenditure/ consumption.
On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%. On the bottom is …, which takes up 20%. Compared with A, B has a higher percentage. A is second to B. （A仅次于B。）
There was a very slight/ small/ slow/gradual/ steady/ marked/ large/ sharp/ rapid/ sudden/ dramatic rise/ increase/ drop/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction in 2008.
The number of…declines/rises by …% from… to… The number of… remains steady/ stable/ the same… The price leveled off.
（3）表明个人观点的句式
As has been shown above, we can safely say that … As far as I am concerned, … To the best of my knowledge, … As to me, ….
In my view / opinion, … （4）表示总结概括的句式
In conclusion / In summary / In a word / In a nutshell / In brief, … 3. 例文：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How Are Working People Doing Physical Exercises? You should write 150 words or so and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below.
1. 描述下列图表所表达的信息; 2. 谈谈你对此现象的看法. 3．根据此现象提出建议
Sample writing:
As we can see from the chart, on the top of the list is the number of working people seldom doing physical exercises, which accounts for 60%. What follows are working people doing exercises once a month at a percentage of 25%. On the bottom is the number of people doing regular exercises, which takes up only 15%.
Although more and more working people are realizing the
importance of physical exercises, they cannot spare their limited time to do some exercises because of the heavy burden of supporting their families on their shoulders. Apart from that, their daily lives at the office cannot provide them with the exercise their body needs. Lack of physical exercises is one of the main contributing factors to poor health among the working people.
In order to stay healthy and concentrate on their work more efficiently, all people, especially working people should take some physical exercises. Society should encourage people to take exercises regularly. The problem of insufficient exercises among working people should be solved as soon as possible. (174 words)
（二）对立观点型作文
1. 写作模式：引出话题—摆出两种观点—我的观点 2. 常用句型：
（1）点明主题的常用句型
The issue of whether… or not has been widely argued/ debated about. …has become a hot topic among people
When it comes to …, people will have a heated discussion. （2）具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式
Some people suggest/ hold the opinion that… But / However/ Nevertheless/ other people hold a different point of view.
Some people are inclined to think that…On the contrary, there are many people who won‘t agree, and they claim… （3）陈述自己观点的常用句式
In my eyes/ view/ As to me/ To the best of my knowledge/ As far as I am concerned…
I‘m in favor of…/ I am on the side of/ My favor goes to the former/ latter opinion to some extent. The main reason is that… Furthermore… There is probably some truth in both arguments, but I prefer …to… In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we… we should take into consideration all aspects of the problem and then make the right decision.
Considering one after another, I stand on the side of the latter opinion. As to me, I prefer the former one. 3. 例文：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write 150 words or so and you should base your composition the outline below.
1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。 2. 有些人认为运气与数字无关。 3.我认为……
Sample writing:
Do ―Lucky Numbers‖ Really Bring Good Luck?
When it comes to whether lucky numbers can bring good luck, people will have a heated discussion. It‘s very common to see that some people will spend a large sum of money on numbers like ―6‖ or ―8‖ when buying phone numbers or plate numbers for their cars without any reluctance.
Some people take it for granted that some lucky numbers can bring them good luck. For instance, the so-called lucky number ―8‖ is widely used now because it is sounded like ―getting rich‖ in Chinese and is believed to bring good fortune. On the contrary, there are many people who won‘t agree, and they claim that numbers have nothing to do with luck. They regard numbers simply as mathematic symbols for counting. They are anything but a mystery. They laugh at those who think numbers can bring good luck.
I‘m in favor of the latter opinion. I think our society is very modern now. We mustn‘t count on the so-called lucky numbers to fulfill our wishes. Whether we can have good luck depends on
ourselves. If we work hard, good luck will come to us. (186 words)
（三）现象分析型作文 1. 原因分析型作文
（1）写作模式：引出现象—分析引起现象的原因—我的观点 （2）常用句型： ①引出现象的句式：
With the rapid development of …, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality. The phenomenon of … is an example.
With …, … has become an increasingly serious problem in society.
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With the increase of population, housing shortage isbecoming a more and more serious problemin large cities. ②引出原因的句式
There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most typical ones.
There is probably a variety of reasons for the dramatic increase/decline in … First… Second…Finally…
Why did …? For one thing…, for another… Perhaps the primary reason is …
The change is chiefly caused by the fact that…
The failure mainly comes from several factors that… We can regard … as a result of…
A number of factors could account for /contribute to /lead to/ result in…
…, partly because …, partly because… 2. 后果分析型作文
（1）写作模式：引出现象—分析该现象的后果或影响—解决方法或我的观点
（2）常用句型：
引出后果或影响的句式
There are a number of terrible consequences of … Perhaps the most serious one is …. It willhave/produce/bring about a far-reaching/profoundeffect/influence/impact on…
The effect / influence / consequence of … is not only limited to… but also
This leaves some serious consequences of…
It may cause /create/ bring/ result in/ lead to/ give rise to a set of problems. 3. 例文：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topicOn Fake Commodities
You should write 150 words or so and you should base your composition the outline below.
1．假冒伪劣商品充斥于各个角落 2. 假冒伪劣商品的原因和危害 3．怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品
Sample writing:
On Fake Commodities
Today, there are many fake commodities sold in the market. Some can do great harm to us. Why there are so many fake commodities?
There are always two reasons, I think. First, the factories spend less time and less money in producing the fake commodities than the good ones. In this way, they can make a greater profit. Second, the fake commodities are always cheaper and many people like to buy them. As a result, the fake commodities became more and more widely spread. It‘s very obvious that fake commodities are harmful. For example, there is a man just catching a cold. If the man takes some fake medicine, perhaps he will get worse, or even die. He is so poor just because he has bought some fake commodities. The fake commodities do harm to the people, at the same time, they do harm to society.
Many factories selling good commodities will go bankruptin a short time, which will cause many workersout of work.
There are many ways to eliminate fake commodities but the following ones may be effective. First, the laws of the protection of consumers should be enforced to severely punish those who produce or sell fake commodities. Second, consumers should be taught how to tell good commodities from fake ones. Third, they should be advised to protect their own interests and not to be led astray by false advertisements. In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of fake commodities and launch a campaign against them. Only in this way will fake commodities be possibly eliminated from the market in the future. (272 words) （四）评论型作文
1. 写作模式：引出需要评论的话（一定要直接或间接引用原话）
—分析该引语的内涵—我的观点（可以适当引用名人名言或谚语，最好照应开头部分） 2. 常用句型： （1）引述的句式
As a proverb goes, ―…‖
An old saying goes like this, ―…‖ Lincoln once remarked, ―…‖
（2）分析引语的句式
From this saying, we can see / know / conclude that…
This saying / statement tells us / reveals / shows / points out that … 3. 例文
Directions: For this part. You are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Way to Successby commenting on Abraham Lincoln‘s famous remark, ―Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.‖ You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Sample writing:
The Way to Success
Abraham Lincoln once observed, ―Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.‖ As far as I‘m concerned, this remark can be interpreted as follows: If you want to successfully achieve a certain goal, you must be well prepared for it at first. A good preparation involves sufficient learning, good strategies and a healthy mentality.
To be well prepared, you must first equip yourself with the required knowledge and skills. Only in this way can you move smoothly in all kinds of tough and complex situations. In the process of preparation, you will formulate good strategies which can contribute to reducing the potential mistakes, thus leading to higher efficiency. Finally, you must learn to cultivate a healthy mentality. You must be fully prepared for the possible setbacks you may encounter and devote yourself wholeheartedly to whatever goal you pursue.
In a word, success comes to those who are well prepared for it. The way to get prepared is also a way to improve yourself. By sparing no effort to ―sharpen your axe‖, you will successfully arrive at your destination. (189 words) （五）应用文 1. 信函类
（1）写作模式：简单表明写信的目的—具体阐述写信的意图—自己的希望及信笺结尾套语 （2）常用句式： ①申请信
I am writing to apply for the post of … advertised in …
Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for …, I felt it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been looking for some time.
I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experiences needed for the position of… advertised in the paper.
I hope I may be granted an interview, when I can explain my qualification more fully.
I would like to apply for admission to your college.
I should like to further my studies in …department of your university. My major interests are…., and I understand your university has a good program in those fields. ②邀请信及答复
Thank you for your letter of …
It is a pleasure for me to invite you on behalf of ….to accept…
It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially（诚挚地）invite you to attend the meeting.
It is very kind of you to ask us for dinner this coming Saturday evening. But, to our deep regret, we cannot accept it. ③批评、抱怨、投诉信
I am writing to complain about…. I think it‘s high time you realized…
I must tell you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to take legal action.
To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more. ④感谢信
Thank you so much for ….
I warmly appreciate your hospitality.
I don‘t know to thank you for your kindness to me. With deepest gratitude I write you here few lines.
I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the lovely time we had at your party last night. ⑤道歉信
I am awfully sorry that I cannot …
I am very sorry for my rudeness /thoughtlessness / bad manners. I feel sorry for my failure to …
I am writing to express my sincere apology for my … I regret to inform you that I am unable to …
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I believe you can understand that I have not intended to hurt you. I feel guilty for what I have done to you. ⑥其它类型信函开头及结尾：
I am writing to you with reference to ….
Thanks so much for your letter, which arrived…. I would like to know some information on … I would be grateful if you could /would …. It will be appreciated if you can /could …. I look forward to hearing from you.
I hope you can write back to me at your earliest convenience. Best regards.
Best wishes for you. 3. 例文
假如你是Jim Lee，你最近对你所在班的60名同学（男女各半）进行了上网目的的调查。现在调查结果（如下表所示）用英语给某报社的编辑写一封信报告此事，以引起舆论的关注。
注意： 1.报告应包括图表所示的内容；
2.叙述调查结果时要避免重复使用百分比； 3.叙述过程中要适当添加评语； 4.词数：150左右。
Sample writing: Dear Editor,
I‘m very honored to write this letter to you about a survey I have recently made among 30 boys and 30 girls in my class about their purposes of getting on the Internet. The girl‘s favorite is chatting, and the portion of those fond of chatting is 35%. On the contrary, very few boys like chatting on the internet, accounting for less than 5%. What the boys like doing most is playing games and reading news is just next to that. Both boys and girls like reading news and sending e-mails on the Internet. Maybe they think it‘s the most convenient way to get the latest information. In order to keep themselves well informed about the development of the world affairs, they have taken advantage of the internet. What we should pay attention to is that only a very small part of the boy and girl students, use Internet as a tool to study despite its great convenience and promptness. As far as I am concerned, students should make good use of the internet to serve them both in their life and study, especially in the latter perspective. What do you think about it?
I‘m really looking forward to getting your reply. Best regards for you.
Yours sincerely,
Jim Lee (215 words)
2. 演讲类
Directions: Write A Campaign Speech in no less than 150 words based on the outline below.
1 你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作，
2 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？ Sample Writing:
Dear brothers and sisters,
May I have your attention please? Today I am very honored to stand here to have the chance of running for the president of the students‘ union. I am a junior in the English Department. Since I came into the university, I have always been the monitor of my class. I have done a very good job for my classmates, and my classmates and my
teachers all think highly of me. I am good at communication and I have very strong organizing abilities. Most importantly, I‘m very willing to help others and can derive great pleasure from offering a helping hand to others. Moreover, I have a variety of hobbies, for example, basketball, football, pingpong, etc. I am sure that I am qualified for this position. If I become the president, I will try my best to do well. I will organize some suitable activities for you. You will never be disappointed in choosing me as president since I will do many things for you to meet your demands. I will greatly appreciate it if you will give me a chance, and I will never let you down.
Thank you for your attention.
(197 words)
3. 通知类（一般了解）
通知的文体是考试中常见的一种文体也是对学生写作能力的一个必要的要求。通知是一种安排活动或布置工作时使用的文体，包括了口头通知和书面通知。口头通知是当面向有关人员口授有关活动的信息，而书面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员。通知的要素是时间，地点，对象，事件具体内容，注意事项等。通知的语言应该是简洁明了，直截了当。还应该注意要有一定的逻辑顺序。 注意：
（1）口头通知在开头一般都会以如下形式出现： Ladies and gentlemen Boys and girls
May I have your attention, please? I have something important to tell you. 结尾时会以以下句子结束： That‘s all. Thank you.
（2）书面通知在正文之前的正中位置写在结尾要注明通知的发布人和发布日期。 Notice 字样。
例1：广播通知：
你校学生会将为来访的美国朋友举办一个晚会，要在学校广播中宣布此事，并欢迎大家参加。为使美国朋友能听懂，请你用英语写一篇广播通知。要点如下：
宗旨：欢迎来访的美国朋友 组织者：学生会
时间：7月 13日（星期六）晚上7:30
活动内容：音乐，跳舞，唱歌，游戏，交换小礼品（请包装好，签名并在包装外面写上几个祝愿词）
May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students‘ Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 PM. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchange of gifts. You may bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.
Don‘t forget: 7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. It‘s sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome. 例2：下面是有关英语演讲比赛的信息,请根据此用英语写一则通知. 活动：英语演讲比赛 目的：提高英语口语 组织者：学生会 参加范围：高中学生
报名时间：5月25日以前 报名地点：学生会办公室 比赛时间：6月9日下午4:00 比赛地点：教学楼五楼礼堂 评奖：前五名优胜者获奖
Notice
We are going to have an English-speaking contest for senior students so as to improve our oral English. It will be held in the auditorium on the 5th floor in the teaching building 4:00pm, June 9th. Those who want to take part in the contest are supposed to come to sign up at the office of the Students‘ Union before May 25th.
All the senior students are welcome to join in the contest. The first five winners will be given prizes. Please try our best and get ready in time.
Wish you success!
The Students‘ Union
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结尾
以上是本次《英语（二）》串讲的内容，请同学们在听串讲课程时，把重点放在改版后试卷上的七大题型的做题方法上。如果觉得自己基础比较薄弱，建议同学们听一下我们的精讲课程。鉴于本考试七个部分大部分都是全新题型，同学们平时在学习教材的过程中要有意识地往新题型上靠拢，多联想、多思考相关题型的解题方法。教材上课文可能会在考试中入选，请同学们在认真听精讲课所讲解的单词及语言点的基础上结合串讲所分析的七大题型的做题方法，真正理解考试各题型的精髓所在，一定要把课上所学的理论应用于实践。同时要练习常见体裁的写作，积累常用词汇和句型，大致掌握常见模板，并辅以一定的写作练习。相信在我们的共同努力下，同学们一定会取得自己满意的成绩。
预祝大家考试成功！
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