《英语（二）》串讲 第一部分：课程介绍
一、课程的基本内容
本课程在完成―英语（一）‖课程内容基础上，培养学生掌握系
统的英语语言知识，包括正确的英语语音知识、系统的英语语法知识和一定的词汇量(4500)，并熟悉英语语言的表达方式。
二、命题
―英语（二）‖命题按照标准化测试要求设计。命题的广度和难度依据本大纲规定的知识范围和能力要求确定。部分命题素材取自《英语（二）自学教程》。统考以阅读和写作为主，听、说不做统考要求。
考试题包括客观性试题和主观性试题，分别占卷面总分的55%和45%。试卷由七部分组成，包括：阅读判断、阅读选择、概括段落大意和补全句子、填句补文、填词补文、完形补文以及短文写作。现对试卷内容及结构分别说明如下：
第一部分阅读判断
该部分要求考生能够理解文中明确表达的概念或细节，推断隐含表达的内容，理解全文主旨和作者所持观点态度；能够根据上下文推测生词意义，理解句间关系和语篇结构。该部分短文选自英语国家大众读物及旅游手册、操作说明等真实语料，根据语言难度作适当调整，对无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词，用汉语注明词义。所选短文题材覆盖广泛，涉及叙述、说明、议论等不同体裁。
该部分要求考生在读懂1篇350词左右短文的基础上，对给出的10个句子所表达的信息作出判断，有的信息是正确的，有的是错误的，有的文中没有提到。
该部分共10小题。每小题1分，共计10分。 特别提示：与以往《英语（二）》的阅读理解设题形式相比，该题更注重文章中的细节。与四六级06年改革后的新题型中快速阅读的最初形式类似（Yes，No, Not given）。
第二部分阅读选择 该部分要求考生：理解文章主旨和要义；把握文章的基本结构；理解文中说明要点的事实和细节；作出简单推理和判断；根据上下文推断生词的释义；领会作者的意图、观点和态度。
该部分选用1篇长度350词左右的短文，题材包括人文、科技、经济、环境、卫生等热点话题，文中会适当给出个别生词的中文释义。短文后设有5个题目，要求考生从每题后4个备选项中选出最佳选项。
该部分共5小题。每小题2分，共计10分。 特别提示：与以往《英语（二）》的阅读理解设题形式基本相同。
第三部分概括段落大意和补全句子
该部分包括1篇短文（400词左右）和2项任务：概括段落大意和补全句子。其中概括段落大意部分旨在考查考生宏观把握文章结构、概括段落大意和提取关键信息的能力。任务设有5或6个概括句或小标题，这些标题或文字分别是对文章各段落的概括和阐述，其中1个为干扰项，要求考生根据文章内容选出最恰当的段落大意或小标题。补全句子部分主要考查考生定位查找关键信息的能力。该任务设有5或6个不完整的句子和6或7个备选项（1个干扰项），所填内容一般为名词短语、动宾短语、形容词结构、非谓语形式或简短的从句等，要求考生把符合题意的选项填入空格，完成每个句子。
该部分共10小题。每小题1分，共计10分。 特别提示：与以往《英语（二）》的阅读理解设题形式，更注重读者的概括总结能力。补全句子部分需特别关注句子的结构特征。第四部分填句补文
该部分主要考查考生对文章语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的识辨能力以及把握文章结构的能力。要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。
该部分选用1篇总长度约400词的短文，所选材料多是观点鲜明、条理清楚的说明文或议论文。要求考生在理解文章整体结构以及段落之间、单句之间关系的基础上，从所给的6个备选项中选出对应的5项（1个干扰项）。
该部分共5小题。每小题2分，共计10分。
特别提示：所需填的句子起着承上启下的作用，故应特别关注
空格处的句子与前后句之间的衔接关系。
第五部分填词补文
该部分考查考生对文章及语篇中词汇的理解能力。所选短文一般为250～300词，题材涉及科普知识、社会热点等。短文中留出10个词汇的空格，要求考生从所给12个备选单词中选择符合上下文语境的词汇填入相应空白处，使短文意思通顺、表达正确，2个非正确选项具有强干扰性。考查的词汇主要涉及名词、动词、形容词、副词等。短文首句不设置空格，两个空格之间会有一定间隔，以保证考生对篇章的正确理解。
该部分共10小题。每小题1.5分，共计15分。 特别提示：类似于四六级考试中的阅读理解的第一部分选词填空（即15选10），更注重句子结构的分析。
第六部分完形补文
该部分考查考生综合理解和运用语言的能力。要求考生准确掌握词语拼写，熟练掌握派生、屈折变化等构词方法；具备语篇分析能力，能够通过上下文意义和文章结构对具体词语的意义、词性、时体和情态等方面的应用作出有效分析。短文选自英语国家大众报纸杂志，内容涉及传记、社会文化、日常知识、科普常识等常见话题。
该部分要求考生在通读l篇约150词短文（被删除10个单词）的基础上，将与空白处对应的提示词转换成适当的词汇形式填入文中，使短文意义完整、语法正确。
该部分共10小题。每小题1.5分，共计15分。
特别提示：类似于以往考试中的词性转换的形式，注重句子成分的分析，同时注意上下文的连贯性。 第七部分短文写作
该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。要求考生根据所给情境写出不少于150词（不计算标点符号）的文章。提供情境的形式有图画、图表、文字等。考生需要就具体或一般性抽象话题进行描述、阐释或说明，用词恰当，表达通顺；能正确反映客观情况，表达自己的观点：能准确使用所学语言知识，根据写作要求清楚、有条理、连贯地表达自己的意思。
该部分1个题目，30分。
特别提示：新增考项。特别注重考生的词汇的应用能力和基本句型表达能力。特别关注各种体裁作文的格式及常用句型，全面提高语言表达能力。
三、考试
本课程的考试采用闭卷方式，统考采用笔试。考试时间为150分钟。试卷满分为100分，60分及格。本课程考试采用统一设计的答题卡。考生必须将所有试题的答案按要求填涂和书写在答题卡对应的位置。
四、教材
本课程考试为英语水平考试，主要按照设定的标准考查考生的语言能力。必读书目为全国高等教育自学考试公共课《英语（二）自学教程》。考试命题虽不完全基于该教材，但它提供了本课程考试的内容和要求，是学习者和考生掌握英语和通过本考试的重要载体。
第二部分：各题型详解
以大纲样题和三套自测题为例讲解
第一部分：阅读判断（第1～10题，每题1分，共10分）
下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C，并在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Passage 1 （选自大纲样题）
When We Are Asleep
①Everyone dreams, but some people never recall their dreams, or do so very rarely. Other people always wake up with vivid recollections（回忆）of their dreams, though they forget them very quickly. In an average night of eight hours‘ sleep, an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes, probably having three to five dreams, each lasting from ten to thirty minutes.
②Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain. During
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dreaming, these waves move more quickly. Breathing and pulse rate also increase, and there are rapid eye movements under the eye lids, just as though the dreamer were really looking at some moving objects. These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals studied, including dogs, monkeys, cats, and elephants, and also some birds and reptiles（爬行动物). This period of sleep is called the ―D‖ state. Babies experience the ―D‖ state for around 50% of their sleep; the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10.
③Dreams take the form of stories, but they may be strange and with incidents not closely connected, which make little sense. Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know. One estimate says that two-thirds of the ―cast‖ of our dream dramas are friends and relations. Vision seems an essential part of dreams, except for people blind from birth. Sound and touch are senses also often aroused, but smell and taste are not frequently involved. In ―normal‖ dreams, the dreamer may be taking part, or be only an observer. But he or she cannot control what happens in the dream.
④However, the dreamer does have control over one type of dream. This type of dream is called a ―lucid‖ （清醒的) dream. Not everyone is a lucid dreamer. Some people are occasional lucid dreamers. Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time. In a lucid dream, the dreamer knows that he is dreaming.
1. Some people dream but cannot remember their dreams.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据第一段的第一句话Everyone dreams, but some people never recall their dreams, or do so very rarely.可知，该说法正确。注意题干表述是对原文某些句子的同义转述，如cannot代替了never，remember代替了recall。
2. In an average night of eight hours‘ sleep, males dream longer than females.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】C
【解析】根据题干中的in an average night of eight hours‘ sleep可以快速定位在第一段的第三句话：In an average night of eight hours‘ sleep, an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes, probably having three to five dreams, each lasting from ten to thirty minutes.这里没有对男性和女性做梦的时间进行对比，故应该选择―没有提及‖。
3. When we dream, there is less movement of electrical waves in our brains.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的electrical waves in our brains 可以快速定位在第二段的前两句话：Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measuresthe electrical waves in the brain. During dreaming, these waves move more quickly.
4. Without the help of instruments, scientists cannot tell whether someone is dreaming or not.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的instruments可以定位在第二段，前三句话：Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain. During dreaming, these waves move more quickly. Breathing and pulse rate also increase, and there are rapid eye movements under the eye lids, just as though the dreamer were really looking at some moving objects.此处列举了科学家判断人是否做梦时的依据。这里明确指出需要借助仪器的是检测脑电波，而观察呼吸、心跳和眼动，不一定要借助仪器。因此，并不是没有仪器，科学家就无法判断一个人是否做梦。 5. Only mammals have dreams when they are asleep.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的mammals可以定位在第二段的第四句话These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals studied, including dogs, monkeys, cats, and elephants, and also some birds and reptiles（爬行动物).从句子结构and also…可以判断also后的birds和reptiles不属于mammals的范围，这三个名词并列。 小贴士：过于绝对的说法往往是错误的，如含有only, all, any, must, always, completely, entirely等的句子要仔细斟酌。 6. Babies dream less than older children.
A. True B. False C. Not Given
【答案】B 【解析】根据题干中的babies可以定位在第二段的最后两句话：This period of sleep is called the ―D‖ state. Babies experience the ―D‖ state for around 50% of their sleep; the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10.此处this period of sleep…和上句，即These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals studied, including dogs, monkeys, cats, and elephants, and also some birds and reptiles.中的主语these signs of dreaming是顺承关系，故this period of sleep就是dreaming，―D‖ state就是―做梦的时候‖。最后一句讲到婴儿睡眠时间的50%都是―D‖ state，到了10岁后就下降到了25%。很显然，婴儿做梦比较大的孩子要多而不是less。
7. Most dreams involve the people we played with when we were young.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】C
【解析】本题是关于梦境的内容，可以定位在第三段前半部分Dreams take the form of stories, but they may be strange and with incidents not closely connected, which make little sense. Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know. One estimate says that two-thirds of the ―cast‖ of our dream dramas are friends and relations.这里提到梦里的人大多是我们认识的人，大约2/3的人是朋友或亲戚，没有提到是我们一起从小玩大的朋友。
8. Now we can detect what dreamers dream about by using modern equipment.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】C 【解析】第三段讲到梦的形式及梦中的人物和梦的呈现方式（vision视觉，sound听觉，touch触觉），故第三段主要讲梦的内容是什么，但没有涉及这些结论是如何获得的。
9. We do not often have the sense of taste in dreams.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A 【解析】根据题干中的taste可以定位在第三段的倒数第三句Sound and touch（听觉和触觉） are senses also often aroused, but smell and taste（嗅觉和味觉） are not frequently involved.本题中的often和原文中的frequently属同义替换。
10. Some people can be consciousthat they are dreaming in their dreams.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据题干中的conscious可以定位在第四段However, the dreamer does have control over one type of dream. This type of dream is called a ―lucid‖ （清醒的) dream. Not everyone is a lucid dreamer. Some people are occasional lucid dreamers. Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time. In a lucid dream, the dreamer knows that he is dreaming.
小贴士：千万不要受自己主观臆测的影响，要根据文章确定对错及“未提及”。
Passage 2 （选自Self-Assessment 1）
Work Is a Service
①Young people may ask themselves questions like this when they apply for employment: ―What are my working hours? What are my extra benefits besides wages? What holidays will I have off? Will I have enough time to hang out with my friends or pursue my hobbies?‖ With questions like these, however, when we focus on our leisure hours instead of our working hours, we may be prevented from seeing a much greater opportunity.
②Good work attitudes, habits, and skills are learned through successful work experiences. Let me illustrate. On the ranch（牧场） where I grew up, the cows had to be milked before dawn every day. When I was just 10 years old, I would enter our barnyard where there were about 10 to 12 cows waiting for me to let them into the milking barn. My mother and father used to say out loud to the cows, ―Good morning. It‘s good to see you!‖ I have to confess that as a young boy I didn‘t feel quite the same way toward the cows.
③After each cow was milked, I poured the milk from the pail into a l0-gallon can. Each can weighed about 80 pounds when full. It made me stretch my young muscles as I carried them to the road for the dairy to pick up.
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④My father and mother quite frequently helped me with milking the cows. I remember my father and mother continued to milk until they were in their late 80s. But Father didn‘t milk the cows because he had to; he milked them because they needed to be milked. There is a difference. To him, these animals were not just cows – they were Big Blackie and Bossie and Sally and Betsy. He wanted them to be content. He always said that contented cows give good milk. To myfather, milking cows – as unsophisticated as it may seem – was not an extra burden; it was anopportunity. Milking was not ajob for him; it was a service.
⑤This philosophy is something that helped me as I grew up. It helped me to find out that allhonest work is honorable. Within a few years I realized that routinely performing these choresactually began to give me a sense of confidence and empowerment. I took pride in my work. We control our own attitudes towards work. Self-confidence and empowerment can serve us well –in the classroom or on Wall Street. ⑥Instead of thinking of our daily work as an extra burden, we should think of it as anopportunity. That‘s just the way my father taught me to feel about the cows. Those teachingshave remained with me all my life, and I continue to visit the ranch and its memories as often as possible. 1. Young people may be more concerned about leisure time when applying for jobs.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据同一顺序的原则定位在第一段，该段提到了应聘者提出的几个问题―What are my working hours? What are my extra benefits besides wages? What holidays will I have off? Will I have enough time to hang out with my friends or pursue my hobbies?‖同时根据最后一句的概括With questions like these, however, when we focus on our leisure hours instead of our working hours, we may be prevented from seeing a much greater opportunity.可知该题干正确。 2. Good work attitudes, habits, and skills are learned at school.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的work attitudes, habits, skills可以定位在第二段的第一句Good work attitudes, habits, and skills are learned through successful work experiences.可知好的工作态度、习惯和技术来自工作经历而不是在学校可以学到。
3. Before going to school, the author had to milk all the cows in the morning.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的milk cows可以定位在第二段的中间When I was just 10 years old, I would enter our barnyardwhere there were about 10 to 12 cows waiting for me to let them into the milking barn. My mother and father used to say out loud to the cows, ―Good morning. It‘s good to see you!‖可知作者需要给10到12只奶牛挤奶，其余由他父母挤奶。 小贴士：过于绝对的说法往往是错误的，如含有only, all, any, must, always, completely, entirely等的句子要仔细斟酌。
4. Unlike his parents, the young boy seemed not to be glad to see the cows every morning.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据题干中的morning可以定位在第二段的最后，根据第二段的最后两句My mother and father used to say out loud to the cows, ―Good morning. It‘s good to see you!‖ I have to confess that as a young boy I didn‘t feel quite the same way toward the cows.
5. After each cow was milked, the author would carry the milk to the market.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B 【解析】根据题干中的after each cow was milked可以定位在第三段：After each cow was milked, I poured the milk from the pailinto a l0-gallon can. Each can weighed about 80 pounds when full. It made me stretch my young muscles as I carried them to the road for the dairy to pick up.可知作者是将牛奶桶提到路边等待牛奶场的人来接货，而不是运到集市上去卖。
6. The author always milked the cows alone in the barnyard.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的milk the cows可以定位在第四段的第一句
My father and mother quite frequently helped me with milking the cows.。另外，根据本句中含有过于绝对的词always，可以判断错误的可能性较大。
7. To his father, milking cows was a complicatedjob.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的to his father可以定位在第四段的最后一句To my father, milking cows – as unsophisticated as it may seem – was not an extra burden; it was anopportunity. Milking was not a job for him; it was a service.
8. The author‘s father milked the cows because they needed to be milked.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据题干中的father和milked定位在第四段，根据第四段的第三句But Father didn‘t milk the cows because he had to; he milked them because they needed to be milked.
9. The author came to like the job of milking and took pride in it.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据同一顺序的原则定位在第五段。第五段讲了作者对生活和工作态度的转变：他认识到每种诚实的工作都是高尚的all honest work is honorable。题干中内容虽然没有直接显示出，但可以推测出来。
10. Self-confidence and empowerment acquired at work will benefit
people throughout their lives.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据题干中的self-confidence and empowerment可以定位在第五段。根据第五段的最后一句Self-confidence and empowerment can serve us well – in the classroom or on Wall Street.
Passage 3 （选自Self-Assessment 2）
Lucky’s Greatest Treasure
①Mary and her husband Jim had a dog named ―Lucky.‖Lucky was a real character. Whenever Mary and Jim had company come for a weekend visit, they would warn their friends not to leave their luggage open because Lucky wouldhelp himself to whatever struck his fancy. Inevitably, someone would forget and something would come up missing.
②Mary or Jim would go to Lucky‘s toy box in the basement and there the treasure would be, amid all of Lucky‘s other favorite toys. Lucky always stored his finds in his toy box.
③It happened that Mary found out she had breast cancer. Something told her she was going, to die ofthis disease. She scheduled a double mastectomy（乳房切除术）, fear riding her shoulders.
④The night before she was to go to the hospital, she hugged Lucky closely in her arms.A thought struck her – what would happen to Lucky? Although the three-year-old dog liked Jim, he was Mary‘s dog through and through. ―If I die, Lucky will be abandoned,‖ Mary thought, ―He won‘t understand that I didn‘t want to leave him.‖ The thought made her sadder than that of her own death.
⑤The double mastectomy was harder on Mary than her doctors had anticipated and Mary washospitalized for over two weeks. Jim faithfully took Lucky for his evening walk, but the little dog just hung down, whining（哀鸣）and miserable.
⑥Finally the day came for Mary to leave the hospital. When she arrived home, Mary was so exhausted that she couldn‘t even make it up the steps to her bedroom. Jim made his wife comfortable on the couch and left her to nap.
⑦Lucky stood watching Mary but he didn‘t come to her when she called. It made Mary sad but sleep soon overcame her and she dozed. ⑧When Mary woke, for a second she couldn‘t understand what was wrong. She couldn‘t move her head and her body felt heavy and hot. But panic soon gave way to laughter when Mary realized the problem. She was covered, literally blanketed, with every treasure Lucky owned! ⑨While she had slept, the sad dog had made trip after trip to the basement bringing his beloved mistress all his favorite things in life. He had covered her with his love.
⑩Mary forgot about dying. Instead, she and Lucky began living again, walking further and further together every day.
⑾It‘s been 12 years now and Mary is still cancer-free. Lucky? He still
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steals treasures and stores them secretly in his toy box, but Mary remains his greatest treasure.
1. Lucky is Mary and her husband‘s pet dog. A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据第一段第一句Mary and her husband Jim had a dog named ―Lucky.‖可知该说法正确。
2. Whenever they had friends visit them, the couple would warn Lucky not to take their friends‘ luggage away.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据第一段第三句Whenever Mary and Jim had company come for a weekend visit, they would warn their friends not to leavetheir luggage open because Lucky would help himself to whatever struck his fancy.可知是告诫朋友们不要把行李打开。
3. Mary and her husband‘s friends knew Lucky well so their belongings never went missing.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据第一段的最后一句话Inevitably, someone would forget and something would come up missing，该句提到有的朋友会忘记盖上行李箱，结果他们的东西就会不见了。 4. Lucky‘s toy box was placed in the basement. A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A
【解析】根据题干中的关键词basement定位在第二段第一句的前半句Mary or Jim would go to Lucky‘s toy box in the basement…。 5. Mary‘s husband warned that he would abandon Lucky after her death.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】C 【解析】根据第四段可知玛丽非常担心她死了小狗很可能会被遗弃，但文章没有提及玛丽的丈夫吉姆会遗弃小狗。
6. Mary stayed in the hospital for two months because the surgery was harder than doctors had anticipated.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据题干中的hospital定位在第五段。根据第五段第一句话The double mastectomy was harder on Mary than her doctors had anticipated and Mary was hospitalized for over two weeks.可知玛丽在医院呆了两星期。
7. When Mary arrived home from hospital, Jim made her lie in bed immediately.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据同一顺序的原则及arrive home from hospital定位在第六段：Finally the day came for Mary to leave the hospital. When she arrived home, Mary was so exhausted that she couldn‘t even make it up the steps to her bedroom. Jim made his wife comfortable on the couch and left her to nap.可以看出玛丽连抬腿上楼到卧室的力气都没有了，吉姆只好让她睡在沙发上而不是床上。
8. When Mary woke, she couldn‘t move a bit because she caught a cold and fell ill.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】B
【解析】根据Mary woke定位在第八段When Mary woke, for a second she couldn‘t understand what was wrong. She couldn‘t move her head and her body felt heavy and hot. But panic soon gave way to laughter when Mary realized the problem. She was covered, literally blanketed, with every treasure Lucky owned!由此可知她不能动不是因为感冒而是身上压了很多东西。
9. Lucky covered Mary with love by placing all his treasures on her body.
A. True B. False C. Not Given 【答案】A 【解析】根据同一顺序的原则定位在第九段：While she had slept, the sad dog had made trip after trip to the basement bringing his beloved mistress all his favorite things in life. He had covered her with his love.。10. Mary has been cancer-free for 12 years, and remains Lucky‘s greatest treasure.
A. True B. False C. Not Given
【答案】A
【解析】根据12 years定位在最后一段：It‘s been 12 years now and Mary is still cancer-free. Lucky? He still steals treasures and stores them secretly in his toy box, but Mary remains his greatest treasure.。 第二部分：阅读选择（第11～15题，每题2分，共10分）
阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。 Passage 1 （选自大纲样题）
Tap Dancing（踢踏舞）
① Most of the arts in America are a combination of ideas and influences from many sources. Tap dancing certainly fits in this category. It is truly an American art, but it has been influenced by English and Irish dance steps as well as steps from Africa.
② Some historians argue that tap dancing was first done by slaves on Southern plantations in North America, and that originally steps were done wearing soft-soled shoes. Irish step dancing, which also involves intricate（复杂的）foot patterns, contributed the movement of the free leg to one side and the swing of the elbows outward. Wooden clog shoes were worn as tap dancing evolved, but for a long time the steps were done flat-footed.
③ Tap dancing developed into the form we recognize today in the early 20th century. Metal taps were added to dance shoes, and a number of new techniques were perfected. One of the most important was the change from the flat-footed step to dancing on the balls of the feet. This is commonly attributed to dancer Bill Robinson. Another was the ―cramp roll,‖ in which the dancer would rapidly move from the ball of the right foot to the ball of the left, and then to the heel of each foot. This separation of the steps into distinct areas of the foot, an innovation by dancer John Bubbles, allowed dancers to improvise even more new patterns. Slides across the floor and movements up and down stairs further enlivened tap. So did relaxed arm and shoulder movements. Challenges became a common part of dance routines, with dancers competing very hard to outperform（胜过）each other with new and difficult steps.
④ Many dancers excelled at tap and contributed to its development. Besides Bill Robinson and John Bubbles, well-known tappers have included Sammy Davis, Jr., Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell, Gregory Hines, and Savion Glover. 11. This text is mainly about _______.
A. famous tap dancers B. tap dancing on Southern plantations
C. tap shoes D. the development of tap dancing 【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文主要讲了踢踏舞的发展过程。
12. The phrase ―attributed to‖ (Line 4, Para. 3) means _______.
A. credited to B. described C. turned to D. stated as a question 【答案】A
【解析】词义理解题。可以用代入法。credit… to…=attribute… to…=owe…to…
13. The ―cramp roll‖ (Line 4, Para. 3) was invented by _______.
A. Fred Astaire B. Bill Robinson C. Savion Glover D. John Bubbles 【答案】D
【解析】事实细节题。根据第三段的中间部分Another was the ―cramp roll,‖ in which the dancer would rapidly move from the ball of the right foot（右脚的大脚趾球）to the ball of the left, and then to the heel of each foot. This separation of the steps into distinct areas of the foot, an innovation by dancer John Bubbles, allowed dancers to improviseeven more new patterns.
14. One of the most important elements of tap dancing is _______.
A.intricatefootwork
B. smooth, flowing motions
C. dancing in rhythm with a partner D. wearing wooden shoes 【答案】A
【解析】事实细节题。根据one of the most important…定位在第三段第三句：One of the most important was the change from the flat-footed step to dancing on the balls of the feet.
15. Names are mentioned in this text in order to _______.
A. tell about the lives of famous tap dancers
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