●You can get Canada Apprentice Loans for up to 5 periods of technical training. ●Your loan will be interest-free for up to 6 years as long as you are confirmed as being registered in a Red Seal Trade apprenticeship program. ●You do not have to make any loan payments as long as your loan is in interest-free status. Eligibility To be eligible, you must meet all of these criteria: ●be a Canadian Citizen, Permanent Resident, or Protected Person; ●be registered in a Red Seal Trade apprenticeship program that is designated by the province or territory where you are registered as an apprentice; ●be enrolled in block release technical training or the equivalent full-time technical training with an approved technical training provider; and ●pass a credit check (required if you are applying for the first time). You are not eligible if you: ●are a high school student; ●are an apprentice registered in the province of Quebec; ●are receiving a Canada Student Loan for the same technical training; ●have been told that you are restricted from receiving a Canada Apprentice Loan or a Canada Student Loan; ●have already received funding for 5 periods of technical training; or ●have already received 6 years of interest-free status. 56. Who will fail to get Canada Apprentice Loans according to the passage? A. An apprentice who used to study in the province of Quebec. B. An apprentice who got the Canadian Citizenship three years ago. C. An apprentice who has been funded for technical training three times. D. An apprentice who is looking for an approved technical training provider. 57. The purpose of the advertisement is intended to _________. A. promote the business of Canadian banks B. help students in need complete their studies

C. recruit more apprentices for Canadian companies D. provide apprentices with fund to receive technical training

B

In sports, sometimes a player has to take one for the team. The same appears to be true in the plant world, where reduced individual growth can benefit the broader community. The findings from the University of Michigan’s Paul Glaum and André Kessler of Cornell University help explain the persistence (持续存在) of some plant communities when theory predicts they should go extinct(绝种的).

“We looked at how chemical defense cues (信号) from plants, meant to

prevent herbivores (食草动物), can also prevent pollinators,” said Glaum, a doctoral student in the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. “The surprising model result is that while this can lead to fitness losses for individuals, the population effects can be positive for pollinators and plants under some circumstances.”

Many plants, including the wild tomato species used in this study, produce chemical compounds to repel (排斥) insect pests and other hungry herbivores. But those same chemical defenses can reduce the number of visits to the plant by pollinators such as bees, resulting in less pollination of individual plants and decreased growth.

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“Biologists have puzzled over how such a costly defense mechanism (机制) can be maintained in these plant populations,” Glaum said. “How would a plant population with such a strategy persist?” Glaum and Kessler developed a computer model showing that decreased growth of individual plants can benefit overall populations and community resilience (恢复力) by indirectly controlling herbivore population growth. The results introduce mechanisms of persistence into communities previously found to be prone (易于遭受的) to extinction in theoretical models.

Tomatoes and other plants produce repellent chemicals called volatile (易挥发的) organic compounds in response to herbivore attacks. The presence of these so-called herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds can make the plant less attractive to pollinators, which can reduce pollen deposition (沉淀物) and negatively affect individual plants, an effect known as herbivore-induced pollinator limitation.

Previous modeling studies have looked at the direct effects of herbivory on a three-species community: flowering plant, pollinator and herbivore. Some of those studies predicted extinctions because growing herbivore populations would reduce the number of plants, limiting resources available to pollinators. In response, the pollinator population would decline, lowering plant reproduction.

58. According to the passage, the persistence of some plant communities may depend on __________. A. chemical defenses of plants B. increased individual growth C. reduced chemical compounds D. defense mechanisms of pollinators 59. The underlined word pollinator in Paragraph 2 probably refers to __________. A. a kind of insects that help plants reproduce B. a kind of animals that eat plants C. a process of forming a plant community D. a chemical that does harm to plants 60. Volatile organic compounds are __________. A. less attractive to pollinators B. able to have negative effects on individual plants C. known as herbivore-induced pollinator limitation D. chemicals produced by plants to attract herbivores

C

Most of us are already aware of the direct effect we have on our friends and family. But we rarely consider that everything we think, feel, do, or say can spread far beyond the people we know. Conversely (相反地), our friends and family serve as conduits (渠道) for us to be influenced by hundreds or even thousands of other people. In a kind of social chain reaction, we can be deeply affected by events we do not witness that happen to people we do not know. As part of a social network, we go beyond ourselves, for good or ill, and become a part of something much larger.

Our connectedness carries with it fundamental implications (影响) for the way we understand the human condition. Social networks have value precisely because they can help us to achieve what we could not achieve on our own. Yet, social-network effects are not always positive. Depression, obesity, financial panic, and violence also spread. Social networks, it turns out, tend to magnify (放大) whatever they are seeded with.

Partly for this reason, social networks are creative. And what these networks create does not belong to any one individual—it is shared by all those in the network. In this way, a social network is like a commonly owned forest: we all stand to benefit from it, but we also must work together to ensure it remains healthy and productive. While social networks are fundamentally and distinctively human, and can be seen everywhere, they should not be taken for granted.

If you are happier or richer or healthier than others, it may have a lot to do with where you happen to be in the network, even if you cannot recognize your own location. And it may have a lot to do with the overall structure of the network, even if you cannot control that structure at all. And in some cases, the process feeds back to the network itself. A person with many friends may become rich and then attract even more friends. This rich-get-richer dynamic means social networks can dramatically reinforce two different kinds of inequality in our society: situational inequality and positional inequality.

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Lawmakers have not yet considered the consequences of positional inequality. Still, understanding the way we are connected is an essential step in creating a more just society and in carrying out public policies affecting everything from public health to the economy. We might be better off vaccinating (接种疫苗) centrally located individuals rather than weak individuals. We might be better off helping interconnected groups of people to avoid criminal behavior rather than preventing or punishing crimes one at a time.

If we want to understand how society works, we need to fill in the missing links between individuals. We need to understand how interconnections and interactions between people give rise to wholly new aspects of human experience that are not present in the individuals themselves. If we do not understand social networks, we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit. 61. What can be inferred from the first paragraph? A. We can’t be easily affected by strangers. B. We are connected and form a social network.

C. We have negative effects on other social members. D. We will not make a difference in a specific group. 62. Why is a social network like a commonly owned forest? A. Because it remains healthy and productive. B. Because it tends to magnify negative things.

C. Because it is creative and shared by people in the whole society. D. Because what it creates can be enjoyed by everyone in the network. 63. We can learn from paragraph 4 that ________.

A. whether we are richer depends on the number of friends we make

B. the wealth we possess has nothing to do with individual continuous efforts C. sometimes our success may be largely due to our position in social networks D. we won’t succeed unless we fully control the overall structure of the network 64. What’s the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To introduce the characteristics of social networks. B. To urge people to understand how our society works.

C. To show the significance of understanding social networks.

D. To explain the possible consequences of ignoring social networks. D

Over the past decade, the growth in high-skilled jobs has largely been limited to Australia’s biggest cities. Meanwhile, in rural and regional Australia lower-skilled jobs have been growing fastest. This skills gap is increasing regional differences in income and employment opportunities, despite the promises of technology and infrastructure as solutions to the tyranny of remoteness.

Our research finds that jobs, particularly the highly skilled, white-collar kind, are becoming increasingly collaborative (协作的). Complex tasks and rapidly changing work environments have increased the need for workers who can collaborate with others to solve problems and who are open to continuous learning. Roles for highly skilled workers are becoming more specialized. This specialization means more collaboration with other specialists and greater space for market positioning.

The productive advantages of cities are self-reinforcing. Skilled workers benefit from the opportunity to learn from and add value with other skilled workers. The coordination (协调) costs of this collaborative work are reduced when team members are co-located.

Employers also benefit from proximity (接近) to similar firms because there is a larger pool of skilled candidates for new jobs and better access to potential business partners. All these advantages encourage further specialization and productivity gains, with the result that workers and business continue to concentrate around

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large city centers.

The growing skills divide between urban and rural Australia reflects a paradox (悖论) of the digital economy. While digital technology represents a channel for bridging geographic distance, highly skilled workers are increasingly crowding into cities.

The latest census (人口普查) data shows no change in the rate of working from home, despite much-improved digital infrastructure in some areas. In time this may change, perhaps as video conferencing technology improves. However, while better technology might allow regional workers to interact with colleagues and clients in cities, it will also make it easier for city-based professionals to service regional areas.

Employment is still growing in regional Australia. But the fact that cities make highly skilled workers more productive means the gap in skilled employment is likely to continue to widen.

Attempts to swim against this tide by moving skilled jobs to the country will be expensive. Currently, subsidies (补助金) are needed to attract and retain (保留) highly skilled health professionals to regional communities. Despite this, our analysis of the latest census data shows that the skills gap between regions and cities is still growing.

So these subsidies are not translating into sustainable, collaborative communities of high-skilled regional workers. Instead, regions need to focus on their strengths, and foster the entrepreneurship that can create new sources of gainful employment.

The government’s move towards more individualised funding arrangements in the aged care and disability care sectors will increasingly become a resilient (有弹性的) source of income for workers and businesses in regional communities. Demand for aged care services is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades, such that by 2050 some 3.5 million Australians will require aged care. Adding to this, regional communities are experiencing population ageing at a faster rate than the large capital cities.

These are important jobs which should be recognised as such. There will be opportunities for regional businesses to provide the technology and services (ranging from personalised transport to food services) which allow older people and Australians with disability to remain active and healthy.

Currently people from the regions who are eager for professional careers typically move to the city to study. In many cases they do not return. Here, technology may be part of the solution. Combining specialised online educational resources with good local support teachers could enable students to access a much wider range of courses from regional areas.

Regional communities will also need entrepreneurs (企业家) to develop the future industries and micro-businesses which improve the diversity and resilience of the local economy. However, start-ups and existing businesses are more likely to survive and expand when there is a supportive entrepreneurship ecosystem, including access to relevant skills development opportunities. 65. What is the remarkable characteristic of the high-skilled job? A. Collaboration. B. Complexity. C. Organization. D. Sustainability. 66. Workers and business continue to concentrate around large city centers in that __________. A. highly skilled workers increase the coordination costs B. potential business partners live close to large city centers C. they encourage self-dependence and increase differences D. they benefit from specialization and productive advantages 67. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?

A. Digital infrastructure in some areas have been greatly improved. B. The lower-skilled workers are likely to have a considerable income.

C. Digital technology doesn’t necessarily bridge the gap in skilled employment. D. The government will have more support and preferential policies for business.

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