I finished the work last month. 我上个月完成了这项工作。(形容词) The drought in this area lasted for three months. 这个地区的干旱持续了3个月。(动词) He has lived alone for almost twenty years since his wife died. 自从妻子死后,他已经独自生活快20年了。(动词) The live broadcast of the football match attracted a large audience. 这场足球赛的现场直播吸引了许多观众。(形容词) 2) 根据上下文辨别词义 在很多情况下,仅仅依靠词性无法准确判断一个词的词义,因为在不同的语境中,一个词即使词性相同,也可能含义不同。例如: This cup is very full. 这只杯子斟得很满。 Only full members of the club can enjoy this discount. 只有俱乐部的正式会员才能享受这项优惠。 The boy has a good head for mathematics. 这个男孩有数学天赋。 He is the head of our school. 他是我们学校的校长。 2. 恰当地选词表达 在理解并确定了一个英语单词在语境中的意思之后,还应当找一个合适的汉语词语来表达。所选择的词一定要符合汉语表达习惯,否则就会非常生硬。例如: He treated me to a good dinner. 他请我吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。 She is a girl with good manners. 她是一个举止得体的姑娘。 综上所述,在选词时,应在语境中仔细判断词义,然后选择既忠实原文又符合汉语习惯的词来表达。
2. Pleasant surprises in language
Understanding MAN by using ANIMAL concepts
用动物来理解和描述人(一)
人是不同于其他动物的高等动物。将物理解为人是拟人现象,而我们也可以将人理解和描述为动物。英语中animal,beast,brute泛指“动物”、“野兽”。当我们想突出一些人没有教养、比较野蛮时,可以直接用这三个词称呼他们;brutish是形容词,表示“野蛮的”;vermin指老鼠之类传播疾病及破坏庄稼和食物的动物,也指蟑螂、跳蚤、臭虫等害虫,用该词暗指“蟊贼,恶棍,歹徒”,表达讲话者强烈的反感;被猎取的动物是“猎物(prey)”,我们可用它来描述受害者;“to prey on”原指一种动物靠捕食别的动物生存,暗指一类人靠伤害别人或牺牲别人的利益而获利。
These people are animals and what they did is unforgivable. 这些人是禽兽,他们的所作所为不可原谅。
After his marriage he became a drunk, a madman, a beast/brute. 婚后,他成了酒鬼、疯子和暴君。
The vermin are the people who rob old women in the street and break into houses. 那些蟊贼是在街上抢劫老年妇女又打家劫舍的家伙。
The miners will be prey to all sorts of people claiming to be financial experts.
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矿工们将成为形形色色自称为金融专家的人的猎物。
Tourists are frequently preyed upon by robbers who lurk outside Miami Airport. 旅客经常遭到潜伏在迈阿密机场外的强盗的抢劫。
在英语口语中,dog指“男人;小伙子;家伙”,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),a top dog(魁首,成功者),a lazy dog(懒汉),a big dog(保镖),a watchdog(监督员)。a dirty dog俗指“卑鄙小人,无赖”,a dog’s life 指“吃苦受罪的生活”; an old dog 指“老年人”;dog eat dog指“自相残杀”。watchdog作动词时,意思是“监督”;作形容词时表示“作为看门狗的;充当监察员的”,而to dog sb. 的意思是“跟踪,尾随(某人)”。dogged意为“顽固的,穷追不舍的,死缠烂打的”;相应的副词doggedly表示“顽强地;坚韧地”,名词doggedness表示“顽强;坚韧”。
You can't teach an old dog new tricks. 老人不愿接受新事物。
He appeared unusually tired in the face of dogged questioning from the BBC's interviewer. 面对英国广播公司采访记者穷追不舍的提问,他显得非常疲惫。
bitch(母狗)主要表示“行为咄咄逼人、令人讨厌的女子”;to bitch about sb./sth.是不正式的表达,意为“挖苦;背后说坏话”。因为hound(猎狗)有灵敏的嗅觉和跟踪目标的能力,用于人时常指“对某人或某物坚持不懈地追踪或迫害”。puppy是“小狗,幼犬”,口语中指“自负的傻小子,令人讨厌的年轻人”;而puppy dog则喻指“温和的人,忠诚的人”;puppy fat指“儿童和青少年时期暂时的肥胖,婴儿肥”;puppy love是“少年不成熟的恋爱;青少年的初恋”
Everyone was talking about property or insider dealings in between bitching about colleagues. 每个人都在背后对同事说三道四之余,也说说财产或内部交易。
She couldn't bear to return to the house, to people hounding her. 她再也不想回到那所房子和那些不断逼迫她的人中间去。
cat指猫或猫科动物,喻指“爱说坏话的女人”。 conceited as a barber's cat 形容人极为傲慢;cat around是俚语,表示“饱食终日,无所事事;寻花问柳”。那些喜欢炫耀财富的人常被称为fat cat(肥猫)。catty用来形容“刁钻刻薄、搬弄是非的”女人。因为kitten(小猫)顽皮、好玩儿,常用来描述性感、善于调情的女子。新闻媒体常用sex kitten指称那些性感迷人、善于卖弄风情的女演员、女歌手、女模特儿。其形容词形式kittenish的意思是“调皮而性感的”。
His mother was catty and loud. 他妈妈是个爱搬弄是非、咋咋呼呼的女人。
马是常见的家畜之一。在英语中horse可戏谑或贬义地指“家伙”;dark horse(黑马)则是“刚开始不被重视后有突出表现的选手”;to horse around 指“吵吵嚷嚷地玩耍,瞎闯”,尤其指儿童和青少年的行为。ass,donkey(驴)和mule(骡子)在俗语中都表示“傻瓜,笨蛋;固执的人”;make an ass of oneself 意为“做蠢事,闹笑话”。
You're a silly ass; why on earth did you tell him that? 你真是个笨蛋,干嘛要把那事儿告诉他? He's as stubborn as a mule. 他倔得跟头驴似的。
The ass waggles his ears. <谚>驴子摇耳朵,傻瓜装聪明。
sheep(绵羊)暗指那些没有自己的观点、人云亦云、盲目跟从别人的人;black sheep指“败家子;败类;害群之马”;sheepish指“显得有些尴尬的”或“感到有些惭愧的”;lamb(羊羔)喻指“温和、善良、听话的人”;goat(山羊)指人时表示“色鬼,淫棍”;goatish表示“好色的,淫荡的”。
We're not political sheep. 我们不是政治上没有头脑的绵羊。
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He gave them a sheepish grin and left without further explanation. 他尴尬地对他们咧嘴一笑,没再解释就离开了。 Be a lamb, will you? 做个乖孩子,好吗?
在英语中,cattle(牛)贬指“大众”;cow(母牛)在口语中指“肥胖粗笨的女人、婆娘、婊子”,俚语中指“多次怀孕生育的女人”,表明该女子令人讨厌或愚蠢。bull指“体壮如牛的人”,美国俚语指“警察,侦探,监狱看守”或在大农场或伐木场监工的“工头”;在证券市场指“买进证券投机图利者,多头,对行情乐观的人”。
I longed to say to her, \cow?\我很想对她说:“你干吗不自己做这件事,你这个蠢货!”
人们认为猪是肮脏的,贪婪的。当说人是猪时,表示人有贪婪、粗鲁或无情等特点。pig也用来侮辱或取笑食量过大或长得肥胖的人;pig-headed表示“顽固的”;to pig out (on sth.) 或to make a pig of oneself是非正式表达,用来描述那些不顾健康吃得过多的人;swine是个旧式词或专业词,多指粗暴的讨厌鬼;hog指人的时候表示此人自私贪心;to hog sth. 指“将某物占为己有”。
Go on, be a pig and eat it all. 继续吃吧,做一回馋嘴猫,把它吃完。
He had probably pigged out in a fast-food place beforehand. 他可能已经在快餐店里大吃了一顿。 He was the most pig-headed man. 他是一个固执透顶的人。
Look at the things that have been done by these swine. 看看这些暴徒的所作所为。
Are you done with hogging the bathroom? 你霸着浴室,有完没完?
Choose the word or phrase that best expresses the meaning of the italicized word or phrase in the following sentences.
1. The short, mousy woman wasn't enjoying her first teaching job. (B) A. light brown-colored B. quiet and shy C. disgusting D. dishonest
2. She said something catty. (A) A. unpleasant B. pleasant and soft C. clever D. catlike
3. The roadhog terrified a woman driver. (D) A. an animal that looks like a pig B. a terrible traffic accident C. frightening road condition D. an inconsiderate driver
4. She was playful, innocent, and kittenish. (A) A. lively and flirtatious
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B. nervous and shy C. considerate and gentle D. kind and lovely
5. He had to be reminded, at times, not to hog the conversation. (C) A. interrupt B. stay away from C. keep all to oneself D. refuse to have
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