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¡¾½âÎö¡¿Ï¸½ÚÀí½âÌâ¡£¸ù¾Ý×îºóÒ»¶ÎµÄScientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breadown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem bac from the borderline.¿ÉÖª£¬ÔçÆÚ±äůϵͳ·¢³ö½ô¼±ÐèÒª²ÉȡԤ·ÀÐж¯µÄÐźŰïÖúÎÒÃÇά³ÖÉú̬ƽºâ¡£¹ÊÑ¡D¡£ 9. ¡¾2019¡¤½­ËÕ¾í£¬B¡¿

In the 1960s£¬while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Par£¬Bob Christiansen became puled about something that£¬oddly£¬had not troubled anyone beforehe couldn't find the par's volcano. It had been nown for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature ¡ª that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.

Most of us£¬when we tal about volcanoes£¬thin of the classic cone(Ô²×¶Ìå)shapes of a Fuji or ilimanjaro£¬which are created when erupting magma(ÑÒ½¬)piles up. These can form remarably quicly. In 1943£¬a Meican farmer was surprised to see smoe rising from a small part of his land. In one wee he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth£¬all but a few hundred of them etinct. There is£¬however£¬a second les nown type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so eplosive that they burst open in a single big crac£¬leaving behind a vast hole£¬the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type£¬but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.

Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taing photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the par authorities on the assumption that they might mae a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos£¬he realied why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole par-2.2 million acres¡ªwas caldera. The eplosion had left a hole more than forty miles across¡ªmuch too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything nown to humans. 58. What puled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone£¿ A. Its complicated geographical features. B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism. C. The mysterious history of the par. D. The eact location of the volcano.

59. What does the second-paragraph mainly tal about£¿

A. The shapes of volcanoes. B. The impacts of volcanoes. C. The activities of volcanoes. D. The heights of volcanoes.

60. What does the underlined word \£¿ A. Hot-air balloon. C. Big photograph.

B. Digital camera. D. Bird's view.

¡¾ÓïÆª½â¶Á¡¿±¾ÎÄΪ˵Ã÷ÎÄ¡£½²ÊöÁ˶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍÁùÊ®Äê´úBob ChristiansenÔÚÑо¿»ÆÊ¯¹«Ô°µÄ»ðɽÀúʷʱ£¬Ææ¹ÖµØ·¢ÏÖµ½´¦¿´²»µ½»ðɽµÄÓ°×Ó£¬Ô­£¬Õâ¶ùµÄ»ðɽ²¢²»ÊÇÏñÎÒÃǴ󲿷ÖÈËÏëÏóµÄÄÇÖÖÔ²×¶ÌåÐÎ×´µÄ¸ßËʵÄÑù×Ó£¬¶øÊÇÒ»¸ö¾Þ´óµÄ¶´£¬Õâ¸ö¶´Ì«´óÁËÒÔÖÁÓÚ´ÓµØÃæÉϵÄÈκεط½¶¼¿´²»¼û¡£ 58.D

¡¾½âÎö¡¿Ï¸½ÚÀí½âÌâ¡£¸ù¾ÝµÚÒ»¶Î×îºóÒ»¾äBut Christiansen couldn¡¯t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.¿ÉÖª£¬ËûÀ§»óµÄÊǵ½´¦¿´²»µ½»ðɽ¡£¹ÊÑ¡D¡£ 59.A

¡¾½âÎö¡¿Ö÷Ö¼´óÒâÌâ¡£±¾¶Î½²ÊöÁËÁ½ÖÖÐÎ×´µÄ»ðɽ£¬Ò»ÖÖÊÇͨ³£ÈËÃÇËùÀí½âµÄÓÉ»ðɽÑÒ½¬¶Ñ»ýÐγɵÄÔ²×¶Ì壬»¹ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ¼«¾ß±¬·¢Á¦µÄ»ðɽ£¬ËüÃÇ»áÔÚÒ»¸ö´óÁÑ·ìÖб¬ÁÑ£¬ÁôÏÂÒ»¸ö¾Þ´óµÄ¶´£¬¹ÊÑ¡A¡£ 60.C

¡¾½âÎö¡¿´ÊÒå²Â²âÌâ¡£¸ù¾ÝµÚÈý¶ÎµÚÒ»¾äJust at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taing photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the par authorities on the assumption that they might mae a nice blow-up for one of the visitors¡¯ centers.¿ÉÖª£¬ÃÀ¹ú¹ú¼Òº½¿ÕºÍÓîÖæº½ÐоÖΪ²âÊÔһЩеĸߺ£°ÎÕÕÏà»ú¶øÅÄÉãÁË»ÆÊ¯¹«Ô°µÄÕÕÆ¬¡£Ò»Î»Éî˼ÊìÂǵĹÙÔ±°ÑÆäÖеÄһЩÕÕÆ¬¸±±¾×ª½»¸øÁ˹«Ô°¹ÜÀí²¿ÃÅ£¬ÈÏΪËûÃÇ¿ÉÄܻὫÆä·Å´óÒÔ¹©Ò»¸öÓοÍÖÐÐÄչʾ¡£¹Ê¿ÉÖª£¬´Ë´¦ÒâΪ½«ÕÕÆ¬·Å´ó£¬Ñ¡C¡£

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California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(ÒòËØ).

The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.

Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patric Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(×Ê).

But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.

The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taing into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(ÈÚÑ©).

Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. 27. What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B. The increasing variety of California big trees. C. The distribution of big trees in California forests. D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.

28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? A. Ecological studies of forests. B. Banning woodcutting. C. Limiting housing development. D. Fire control measures.

29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre? A. Inadequate snowmelt. C. A warmer climate.

30. What can be a suitable title for the tet?

A. California's Forests Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?

B. A longer dry season. D. Dampness of the air.

D. Patric Mclntyre Grow More Big Trees in California

¡¾ÓïÆª½â¶Á¡¿±¾ÎÄΪ˵Ã÷ÎÄ£¬¸ù¾ÝÒ»ÏîÑо¿±íÃ÷£¬×Ô20ÊÀ¼Í30Äê´úÒÔ£¬¼ÓÖÝÒѾ­Ê§È¥ÁËÒ»°ëµÄ´óÊ÷£¬Æøºò±ä»¯ËƺõÊÇÆäÖ÷ÒªÒòËØ¡£ 27.A

Ö÷Ö¼´óÒâÌâ¡£ÔÚµÚ¶þ¶ÎÖУ¬×÷ÕßÓþßÌåÊý¾Ý˵Ã÷ÁË´óÊ÷ËðʧÔÚ¸÷¸öµØÇøµÄÑÏÖØ³Ì¶È£¬Ã»ÓÐÈκεØÇøÐÒÃâ»ò²»ÊÜÓ°Ï죬¹ÊÑ¡A¡£ 28. D

¡¾½âÎö¡¿ÍÆÀíÅжÏÌâ¡£¸ù¾ÝµÚÈý¶Î×îºóÒ»¾äAggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources£¨×Ê£©.¿ÉÖª£¬Ò°»ð¿ØÖÆÔÚ¿ØÖÆÁËÉ­ÁÖ´ó»ðµÄͬʱ£¬Ê¹µÃ¼ÓÀû¸£ÄáÑǵÄÉ­ÁÖÀï¼·ÂúÁËСÊ÷£¬ËüÃÇÓë´óÊ÷Õù¶á×Ê£¬Õâ¶Ô´óÊ÷²úÉúÁ˲»ÀûµÄÓ°Ï죬¹ÊÑ¡D¡£ 29.C

¡¾½âÎö¡¿Ï¸½ÚÀí½âÌâ¡£¸ù¾Ý×îºóÒ»¶Îthe biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, ¡­, and earlier snowmelt, ¡­¿ÉÖª£¬Ôì³É¼ÓÖÝË®×ʶÌȱµÄ×î´óÒòËØÊÇÆøÎµÄÉÏÉý£¬ÒÔ¼°½ÏÔçµÄÈÚÑ©£¬¹ÊÑ¡C¡£ 30.A

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We may thin we¡¯re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we eep using our old devices (×°ÖÃ) well after they go out of style. That¡¯s bad news for the environment ¨C and our wallets ¨C as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New Yor traced the environmental costs for each product throughout its life ¨C from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Destop computers, basic mobile phones, and bo-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.

As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn¡¯t throw out our old ones. ¡°The living-room television is