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大连外国语学院 2011年硕士研究生入学考试模拟试题（一）
科目代码： 661 科目名称： 语言学
（评分参考卷）
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KEY:
9) I. 1-5 F F T T T 6-10 F T T T F 11-15 T F F T T 10) 6. F It has three morphemes. 11) 10. F. The three major strands of psycholinguistic research are comprehension, production, and communication.
12) 13. F. CAI aims at seeing educational problems on the part of the teacher. CAL emphasizes the use of a computer in both learning and teaching in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives. 13) II.
14) 16. a system of semantics. 15) 17. creativity. 16) 18. phonology 17) 19. coda 18) 20. diacritics 19) 21. Inflectional 20) 22. collocative 21) 23. orientation 22) 24. competence 23) 25. Illocutionary 24) III.
25) 1-5 A A C A B 6-10 D A B C C 26) 11-15 C A C C C 16-20 D C A C A 27) 21-25 A B C B A 26-30 C D A B B 28) 31-35 C C B A D 36-40 B D B D C 29) IV.
30) 1. Why do we say that “language distinguishes us from animals?” (10 points)
31) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It distinguishes us from animals because of four design features. 32) The four design features are as follows:
33) arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. Language is arbitrary by nature,
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but it is not entirely arbitrary. e.g. There are words in every language that imitate natural sounds and some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary.
34) creativity: creativity: By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its repulsiveness. Creativity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.
35) duality: By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
36) displacement: Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
37) These four design features stated above do not appear in any other kind of animal communicating system, so we say that language distinguishes us from animals. 38) 2．Explain the assimilation rule in phonology with examples.
39) The assimilation rule assimilate one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phonemes similar. Assimilation of neighboring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological process. When we speak, we tend to increase the case of articulation. For example, while the [i:] sound is non-nasalized in bush words as tea, peep, and flee, it is nasalized in words like bean, green, team and scream. This is because, in all these sounds combinations the [i:] is followed by a nasal [n] or [m]. To make the pronunciation of the sound combination easier, we actually nasalize the vowel. 40) 3.
41) broadening: a, g 42) narrowing: b, e, h 43) meaning shift: k 44) classs shift: c, f 45) folk etymology: d, i 46) loanwords: i, e, d 47) loanblends: a, h 48) loanshifts: b, f 49) loantranslation: c, g
50) 4. 1. d 2.b 3.f 4.e 5.a 6.c 7.i 8.g 9.h 51) V.
52) 1. Can you think of a situation in which B’s utterance in the following is relevant? 53) I do think Mr Tom is an old windbag, don’t you? 54) Huh, lovely weather for March, isn’t it?
55) His idea is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:
56) Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
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57) To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle: 58) The maxim of quantity
59) Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).
60) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 61) The maxim of quality
62) Do not say what you believe to be false.
63) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 64) The maxim of relation 65) Be relevant.
66) The Maxim of manner
67) Avoid obscurity of expression. 68) Avoid ambiguity.
69) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). 70) Be orderly.
71) 2. B’s utterance violates the maxim of Relation by changing the topic offered by A. This violation implicates that A’s remark should not be discussed, and perhaps, A has committed a social gaffe. 72) 2.
73) Whorf attended some linguistic courses given by Sapir at Yale University and “found particular resonance between his own ideas and those of Sapir.” This experience and his study of Hopi, an American Indian language, helped him develop his unique understanding of linguistic relativity, which is widely known as the Sapir-Whorf hypotheses. What this hypothesis suggests is like this: our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively bee referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity.
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