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2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试自主命题科目模拟试题
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招生专业： 2011考试科目：语言学
年考试时间：14:00-17:00
全国试题编号： 661
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大连外国语学院 2011年硕士研究生入学考试模拟试题（一）
科目代码： 661 科目名称： 语言学
所有答案必须做在答案题纸上，做在试题纸上无效！
I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false (20 points) ( ) 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of a particular language.
( ) 2. For learners of foreign languages, it is the arbitrariness of a language that is more worth
noticing than its conventionality.
( ) 3. Most of the repetitious of what might be heard as the same utterance are physically ( ) 4.Stops, fricatives and affricates are called obstruents because the production obstructs airflow.
( )5.In broad transcription, the pronunciation of the word build should be represented as[bild] ( ) 6. The word “distempered” has four morphemes.
( ) 7.One explanation for assimilation processes is that in speaking, we tend to exert as little effort as possible so that we do not want to vary too often places of articulation in uttering a sequence of sounds and this is called “ theory of least effort”.
( ) 8.Conceptual meaning is “connotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it connotes, or refers to.
( ) 9.If a pair of words is in relationship of converse antonymy, then the members of this pair do not only constitute a positive-negative opposition, but also show the reversal of a relationship between two entities.
( )10. The three major strands of psycholinguistic research are comprehension, production, and acquisition.
( ) 11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
( ) 12.Austin propsed the distinction between performatives and constatives, but soon he notived that the difference between them is not absolute and gave up that distinction.
( ) 13. The distinction between CAL and CAI is that the former aims at seeing educational problems on the part of the learner, whereas the latter emphasizes the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives.
( ) 14. Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all humans are endowed
with.
( ) 15. London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word with the hint of the initial letter. (10 points)
16. All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of
lexicogrammar,______.
17. Language is resourceful because of its duality, and its recursiveness, which contributes to the
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______ of language.
18. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is
called ______.
19. A syllable that has no __ is called an open syllable.
20. The IPA provides its users with a set of symbols called d _____, which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone possible.
21. I_____ morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense and case.
22. In Leech’s definitions of seven types of meaning, ______ meaning is what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
23. At the start of the 20th century: an anthropological o in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America. What characterized this new tradition was its study of language in a sociocultural context.
24. Hyme’s theory of communicative c was introduced into the field as an antagonism to
the traditional philosophy in language teaching.
25. The i_____ act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed, his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door.
III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement. (40 points)
1. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is very similar to Chomsky’s distinction, between competence and performance, but Sassure takes a _____ view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a _____ point of view.
A. sociological, psychological B. psychological, sociological C. biological, psychological D. psychological, biological
2. When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the ______ function of language.
A. poetic B. creative C. phatic D. metalingual 3. Which of the following is a phoneme? A. the sound /p/ in /pit/ B. the sound /b/ in /bit/ C. /p/ D. the sound /l/ in /leik/ 4. Which of the following pairs is in complementary distribution? A. the /l/ in /leik/ and the /m/ in /meik/ B. the /l/ in /li:f/ and the /f/ in /tef/ C. the /l/ in /li:d/ and the /r/ in /ri:p/ D.the /l/ in /li:d/ and the /r/ in /ri:f/
5. The articulation __ is made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other. A.uvular B.glottal C.velar D.palatal
6. A morpheme that must occur with at least one other morpheme is called _____.
A. free morpheme B. bound root C. stem D. bound morpheme
7. _ first suggested treating sentence as “ the maximum free form” and word “ the minimum
free form”.
A. Loenard Bloomfield B. Quirk C. Whorf D. F. de Saussure
8. New words and expressions can be created through the following processes except ___. blending B. convention C. analogical D. back-formation
9. In Leech’s definition of meanings, ______ meaning is what is communicated by virtue of what
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language refers to.
A. conceptual B. social C. connotative D. collocative 10. Which of the following words is an unmarked word:
A. bad B. low C. old D. short 11. ______ is not the study of the truth conditions for propositions. A. Propositional logic B. Propositional calculus C. Sentential conditions D. Sentential calculus
12. _____ is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextnalized. A. Sense B. Referent C. Reference D. Symbol 13. Of the following pairs of sentences. _____ X. entails Y. A. X: John is a bachelor B. X: I’ve done my homework Y: John is a man Y: I haven’t brushed my teeth C. X: Some of the students came to my party D. X: John is married Y: Not all the students came to my party Y: John is a bachelor
14. The first major theory in the study of language in use was proposed by the Oxford philosopher ____.
A. William B. Chomsky C. Austin D. Grice 15. Here are three utterances:
a. John’s a genius. b. John’s a big brain. c. John’s an idiot.
When both a and b imply c, they show the ___ of conversational implicature. A. calculability B. cancellability C.non-detachability D. non-conventionality 16. CAI program may include the following except ____.
A. a computer rectifying program B. a monitoring system
C. a directing system D. a group discussion system via computer
17. ____ is chief concern in computational linguistics, it refers to the use of machine to translate text from one language to another.
A. CAL B. CALL C. MT D. PLATO
18. The ____ information has been made ____ through the process of concrete annotation. implicit, explicit B. explicit, implicit C. clear, not clear D. unmarked, marked 19. The statements concerning the one-word stage of which ____ is NOT true. a. This stage comes after babbling stage.
b. At this stage children learn that sounds are related to meanings.
c. The kinds of words that occur at this stage include simple nouns, verbs and many function words such as prepositions, articles etc.
d. Children use the same word for things with a similar appearance, at this stage. 20. Saussure’s ideas were developed along three lines: linguistics, sociology and . a. psychology b. methodology c. natural science d. semiotics
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21. is regarded as one of the most distinguished linguists in the post-Bloomfieldian era. A. Harris B. Halliday C. Firth D. Boas
22. The following terms all refer to changes in sound leading to changes in form EXCEPT A. metathesis B. assimilation C. addition D. narrowing 23. ______ examines how meaning is encoded in a language.
A. Phonetics B. Syntax C. Semantics D. Pragmatics
24. An affix (in English, usually a suffix) that changes the form of a word without changing its part of speech or basic meaning is called _____.
A. derivational B. inflectional C. compounding D. bound 25. In the words maps, dogs, watches, mice and sheep, each of /s/, /z/, /iz/, /ai/ and /i:/ is a(an) __ of the plural form.
A. allomorph B. allophone C. similar phoneme D. counter pheneme
26. ______ refers to the abstract properties of an entity, while______ refers to the concrete entities having these properties.
A. Reference, denotation B. Connotation, denotation C. Sense, connotation D. Denotation, connotation
27. A very important property of the proposition is that it has a ______. It is either true or false. A. reality status B. truth feature C. false value D. truth value
28. The hearer’s shutting the window is the ___ act of the utterance “ It’s cold in here.”. A.illocutionary B.perlocutionary C.locutionary
29. In recent ____ courseweare students are able to interact with the computer and perform higher-level tasks while exploring a subject or problem.
A. CAI B. CAL C. computer managed D. computer directed instruction
30. Any group of people whose language or use of language that can be taken as a coherent object of study is called by sociolinguists a . A. sub-cultural group B. speech community C. social variety D. dialectal culture
31. The following statement “They were short of hands at harvest time” is an example of . A. repetition B. alliteration c. synecdoche D. metonymy 32. The sense relation which holds the pair of words up-down is A. homonymy B. complementary antonymy C. gradable antonymy D. converse antonymy
33. Image shemas include the following aspects EXCEPT
A. a cycle schema B. a material schema C. a path schema D. a scale schema
34. propose that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language’s grammar with remarkable speed.
A. serial models B. parallel models C.resonance models D. garden path analysis
35. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. Which one is not the process that construal operations deal with? A. Attention/Salience B. Judgement/Comparison C. Perspective/Situation D. Image Schemas
36. Fauconnier & Turner propose and discuss BLENDING or INTEGRATION theory. There are some conditions needed when two input spaces are blended, EXCEPT
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A. Cross-Space Mapping B. General Space
C. Blend D. Emergent Structure
37. Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kind, EXCEPT___ ___ A. positional relations B. relations of substitutability C. relations of co-occurrence D. relations of entailment
38. is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses.
A. word B.phrase C. word group D. clause
39. are more concerned with the classroom process which stimulate learning than with the language knowledge or skills that students are supposed to master. These syllabuses consist of a list of specification of the tasks and activities that the learners will engage in in class in the target language.
A. the structural syllabus B. the situational syllabus C. the communicative syllabus D. the task-based syllabus
40. Firth pointed out that in actual speech, it is not phonemes that make up the paradigmatic relations, but . A. morpheme B. purpose of communication
C. Phonematic units D. communicative competence
IV. Answer the following questions briefly. (40 points)
1．Why do we say that “language distinguishes us from animals?” (10 points) 2．Explain the assimilation rule in phonology with examples. (10 points)
3 Classify the following words according to their different kinds of semantic changes. (10 points)
a.holiday b.camp c.engineer d.wizard e.deer f.hog g.task h.liquid i.cockroach j.bead broadening: narrowing: meaning shift: classs shift: folk etymology:
4. Match the theories in Column A with those scholars in Column B （10 points）
A B 1. Language is one of the “social facts”, which are radically distinct from
a.Halliday
individual psychological acts.
2. A phoneme may be defined as the sum of the differential functions.
b.Trubetzkoy
3. Language is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a
c.Sapir
counterpart of thought
4. Language is a means of doing things and of making others do things. It is
d.Saussure
a means of acting and living. 5. Systemic-Functional Grammar
e. Firth
6. He defines language as “a purely human and non-instinctive method of
f.Malinowski
communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of
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voluntarily produced symbols”.
7. Linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic
g.Chomsky
brand of psychology known as behaviourism. 8. Transformational-Generative Grammar
h.Boas
9. His descriptive methods paved the way for American descriptive
i.Bloomfield
linguistics and influenced generations of linguists.
V. Answer the following essay questions. (40 points)
1. Can you think of a situation in which B’s utterance in the following is relevant? (20 points)
A. I do think Mr Tom is an old windbag, don’t you? B. Huh, lovely weather for March, isn’t it? 2. What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? (10 points)
3. G. Leech once generated seven types of meaning in his Semantics (23), namely, conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning and thematic meaning. The following underlined sentences (words) emphasis on one particular meaning representatively. Write that meaning down after the right sentence.
1) The sky is gray, the flower is gray, Dora in her great sorrow, saw a gray cat stealing into the yard.
2) With a long stick, our headmaster went in. All the student were silent and some were even intimitated.
3) Tomorrow is Sunday, I can go with you.
4) Are you going to Scarborough Fair? Parsley, sage, Rosemary and Thyme. Remember me to one who lives there, she once was a true love of mine. 5) I ain’t nothing to say and I’ma going home. 6) –Oh, it’s a little bit cold here.
--Then I will close the window for you.
7) Quietness is requested for the benefit of those who have already retired. 8) Well, dear sir, I really do not like to hear someone barking here.
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大连外国语学院 2011年硕士研究生入学考试模拟试题（一）
科目代码： 661 科目名称： 语言学
（评分参考卷）
所有答案必须做在答案题纸上，做在试题纸上无效！
KEY:
9) I. 1-5 F F T T T 6-10 F T T T F 11-15 T F F T T 10) 6. F It has three morphemes. 11) 10. F. The three major strands of psycholinguistic research are comprehension, production, and communication.
12) 13. F. CAI aims at seeing educational problems on the part of the teacher. CAL emphasizes the use of a computer in both learning and teaching in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives. 13) II.
14) 16. a system of semantics. 15) 17. creativity. 16) 18. phonology 17) 19. coda 18) 20. diacritics 19) 21. Inflectional 20) 22. collocative 21) 23. orientation 22) 24. competence 23) 25. Illocutionary 24) III.
25) 1-5 A A C A B 6-10 D A B C C 26) 11-15 C A C C C 16-20 D C A C A 27) 21-25 A B C B A 26-30 C D A B B 28) 31-35 C C B A D 36-40 B D B D C 29) IV.
30) 1. Why do we say that “language distinguishes us from animals?” (10 points)
31) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It distinguishes us from animals because of four design features. 32) The four design features are as follows:
33) arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. Language is arbitrary by nature,
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but it is not entirely arbitrary. e.g. There are words in every language that imitate natural sounds and some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary.
34) creativity: creativity: By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its repulsiveness. Creativity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.
35) duality: By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
36) displacement: Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
37) These four design features stated above do not appear in any other kind of animal communicating system, so we say that language distinguishes us from animals. 38) 2．Explain the assimilation rule in phonology with examples.
39) The assimilation rule assimilate one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phonemes similar. Assimilation of neighboring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological process. When we speak, we tend to increase the case of articulation. For example, while the [i:] sound is non-nasalized in bush words as tea, peep, and flee, it is nasalized in words like bean, green, team and scream. This is because, in all these sounds combinations the [i:] is followed by a nasal [n] or [m]. To make the pronunciation of the sound combination easier, we actually nasalize the vowel. 40) 3.
41) broadening: a, g 42) narrowing: b, e, h 43) meaning shift: k 44) classs shift: c, f 45) folk etymology: d, i 46) loanwords: i, e, d 47) loanblends: a, h 48) loanshifts: b, f 49) loantranslation: c, g
50) 4. 1. d 2.b 3.f 4.e 5.a 6.c 7.i 8.g 9.h 51) V.
52) 1. Can you think of a situation in which B’s utterance in the following is relevant? 53) I do think Mr Tom is an old windbag, don’t you? 54) Huh, lovely weather for March, isn’t it?
55) His idea is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:
56) Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
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57) To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle: 58) The maxim of quantity
59) Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).
60) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 61) The maxim of quality
62) Do not say what you believe to be false.
63) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 64) The maxim of relation 65) Be relevant.
66) The Maxim of manner
67) Avoid obscurity of expression. 68) Avoid ambiguity.
69) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). 70) Be orderly.
71) 2. B’s utterance violates the maxim of Relation by changing the topic offered by A. This violation implicates that A’s remark should not be discussed, and perhaps, A has committed a social gaffe. 72) 2.
73) Whorf attended some linguistic courses given by Sapir at Yale University and “found particular resonance between his own ideas and those of Sapir.” This experience and his study of Hopi, an American Indian language, helped him develop his unique understanding of linguistic relativity, which is widely known as the Sapir-Whorf hypotheses. What this hypothesis suggests is like this: our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively bee referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity.
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