the United States, most victims are young and inexperienced car drivers.

Doctor Attian Krug at the World Health Organization says a first step to saving these lives would be to recognize that road deaths are preventable.

\if a car is badly maintained, of if drivers, or road users in general, don't know the rules, there's going to be crashes. We know also that we can act on these different elements of the road safety system to prevent those crashes.\

UN Road Safety Week aims to encourage young people to take basic measures such as wearing seat belts and car helmets but it also wants governments to focus more on road safety too by designing safer roads and building traffic-free play area for children.

\a good investment,\the UN says, \road traffic accidents currently cost over 500 million dollars a year. They are not just a waste of young lives by an obstacle to development.\

Part IV

Section A 1. increasing gridlock / urgent measures to promote mass transit systems 2. Bangkok / +100 / 10 / transportation and air quality Section B 1. pollution / traffic snarls / economic costs

2. 2. better public transportation systems / driving

3. Most efficient / Fastest to implement / Low-cost Too expensive / Low return to investors and governments

Asia's cities, boosted by economic prosperity, especially in China and India, are facing increasing gridlock unless urgent measures to promote mass transit systems are promoted.

This was the warning Tuesday from transport analysts during a regional conference in Bangkok on sustainable transportation and air quality.

More than 100 transport specialists from 10 countries at the conference say the solution lies in providing better public transportation systems to lure car owners away from driving.

Heather Allen, a manager with the International Association of Public Transport, says Asian cities need to stress transport systems over private car use.

\energy efficiency of public transport.\average you can go twice as far using public transport as you can with a private individual car.\Asia's love affair with the car appears very strong. In India, car sales in September were up almost 10 percent, while in China vehicle sales were up 33 percent from a year ago to 354,000 units. Both countries have booming economies and growing middle classes.

But experts say such growth aggravated the problems of increasingly crowded cities.

Axel Friedrich from Germany's Federal Environmental Agency says such growth cannot be sustained as traffic snarls increase in cities. Also, he says, more private cars aggravate pollution problems and increase economic costs because workers and cargo get stuck on jammed roads. Transport analysts say that new systems such as underground railways are often too expensive and provide low returns to investors or governments.

The most efficient systems and fastest to implement are bus systems. But Mr. Firedrich says governments often face local political and business interests when trying to put in place such efficient, low-cost transport systems.

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Unit 8 Trends in Economics Part I A.

1. $25,000,000,000 2. $161,000,000

3. $37,000,000,000/ 28,000,000,000 dollars / $ 24,000,000,000 4. 30,000,000 5. $1,000,000,000 6. 5.5%/ 7.5% 7. 550/ 7%

8. 0.25% , 4.75%, 4.5% B.

1. increasing their protests against rising fuel prices 2. a meeting of African nations

3. the Czech Republic/ by early 2003/ a conference of EU members

4. Central Bank governors/ Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United States 5. reduce the amount of oil/ harming their economies 6. cutting taxes on oil products

7. increase trade/ bring peace and security to the area/ in Manila 8. support policies that keep inflation flow 9. open Japanese ports to foreign companies

10. his country’s economy/ a leading manufacturing and financial center C.

1. 93,000,000 2. 97,000,000/ 133,000,000 3. 1.5 %, 16% 4. 100,000,000 5. 210, 000,000,000/ 5.1% 6. 17,500,000

7. 1.3% 8. 9.5%, 0.1%, 10,500,000 9. 27,000,000,000 10. 0.6% Part II A

1. large forces/ national or international level 2. unemployment and inflation/ job creation

3. too high/ demands in the present/ growth and investment in the future B

1. letting inflation increase/ higher inflation 2. a very high savings rate

Tape script:

Edmund Phelps has been awarded this year’s Nobel Prize for Economics. Mr. Phelps is a professor of economics at Columbia University in New York City. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences honored Mr. Phelps for his work in macroeconomics. That is the study of large forces

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that affect economies at the national or international level.

Mr. Phelps correctly identified the relationship between unemployment and inflation. Since the 1930s, policymakers in many nations dealt with unemployment in the same way. They would let inflation increase to create jobs.

For example, they would make credit easier to get. As a result, people would buy more goods. Business would hire workers to meet growing demand, forcing prices up. For many years, policymakers accepted that reducing unemployment required higher inflation.

Mr. Phelps found that inflation did temporarily increase employment. But he discovered that, over the long term, inflation hurt job creation. His ideas were proved by economic conditions in America in the 1970s. That period was known for “stagflation having high unemployment and high inflation at the same time.”

Edmund Phelps also found that if employers expect low inflation in the future, they are more likely to hire workers.

Today, economic policy experts believe the best way to create job is to fight inflation.

Mr. Phelps also studied national savings over long periods of time. Common sense suggests that a very high savings rate is best. But, Mr. Phelps showed that national savings rates can be too high. He argued that saving too much limited demand in the present, which could slow growth. The best savings rate is not so high that it limits demand in the present. And it is not so low that it limits growth and investment in the future. Still, he argued that governments should take action to raise national savings.

Edmund Phelps did much of his research in macroeconomics during the late 1960s and early 1970s. His work continues to influence economists. And it has helped change policy at central banks, which now consider fighting inflation a main goal.

Part III A.

1. noisy place/ bell/ lighted messages/ computers/ talk on the telephone/ shout/ run around 2. experts/ salespeople/ buy & sell shares of companies 3. shares

4. a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchange 5. prices/ go down 6. prices/ go up

7. a company that does not earn enough profit

8. a sharp increase in the value of a stock/ something wonderful that happens unexpectedly B.

1. in 1837 in a newspaper in Illinois

2. old story/ sold the skin of a bear/ before caught it

3. a long connection/ bulls and bears/ in sports/ popular years ago/ England 4. fish/ turn over on their backs/ die

5. England/ centuries ago/ poor people/ banned/ cutting trees/ the wind blew down the tree/ take for fuel

Tape script:

Today we tell about some American expressions that are commonly used in business.

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Bell sound, lighted messages appear, men and women work at computers, they talk on the telephone, at times they shout and run around. This noisy place is a stock exchange. Here experts, salespeople called brokers, buy and sell shares of companies. The shares are known as stocks. People who own stock in a company own part of that company. People pay brokers to buy and sell stocks for them. If a company earns money, its stock increases in value. If the company does not earn money, the stock decreases in value. Brokers and investors carefully watch for any changes on the big board. That is the name given to a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchanges. The first written use of the word with that meaning was in a newspaper in Illinois in 1837. It said, “The sales on the board were $ 1,700 in American gold.” Investors and brokers watch the big board to see if the stock market is a bull market or a bear market. In a bear market, prices go down. In a bull market, prices go up. Investors in a bear market promise to sell a stock in the future at a set price, but the investor does not own the stock yet. He or she waits to buy it when the price ducks. The meaning of a bear market is thought to come from an old story about a man who sold the skin of a bear before he caught the bear. An English dictionary of the 1660s said, “To sell a bear is to sell what one has not.” Word experts dispute the beginning of the word “bull” in the stock market. But some say it came from a long connection of the two animals bulls and bears in sports that were popular years ago in England. Investors are always concerned about the possibility of a company failing. In the modern world, a company that does not earn enough profit is said to go belly up. A company that goes belly up dies like a fish. Fish turn over on their backs when they die. So they’re stomach or belly up. Stock market investors do not want that to happen to a company. They want a company whose stock they own to earn more profit that expected. This would sharply increase the value of the stock. Investors are hoping for a windfall. The word “windfall” comes from England of centuries ago. There poor people were banned from cutting trees in forests owned by rich landowners. But if the wind blew down a tree, the poor person could take the tree for fuel. So a windfall is something wonderful that happens unexpectedly.

Part IV

communicative activity extended

continuously / specific readiness constantly setting up/ constantly testing what he has heard in reality out of his expectation/ get the message

familiarity knowledge the setting already take in pre-listening preparation give some thought to related materials vocabulary work/ fully oriented

Active thinking Ahead of Logical and intelligent Know generally exactly next utterance

Unit 9

Part Ⅰ A

1. The European union 2. Food and agricultural organization

3. International monetary fund 4. The organization for economic cooperation and development 5. The world health organization 6. The world trade organization B

1. The Asia-pacific economic cooperation 2. the association of southeast Asian nations

3. the north Atlantic treaty organization 4. the national aeronautics and space administration

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