3. It is known that …/You are known to have been..

4. It is understood that…/She is understood to have been… 5. It is supposed that …/He is supposed to be…

6. It is said that the murderer…/The murderer is said to be hiding…

7. It is reported that …/Unidentified flying objects are reported to have been seen… 8. It is rumoured that …/He is rumored to have escaped… 9. It is expected that…/Electricity supply is expected to be… 10. It is known that he is …/He is known to be… 11. Very little is left to have been done… 12. The President is expected to speak… 13. He is said to have been…

14. The murderer is said to be hiding/to have been hiding… 15. The expedition is known to have reached… 16. The ship is reported to have been sunk. 17. You are expected to leave… 18. N is known to be preparing… 19. All the miners are feared to be…

20. Both sides are understood to have agreed… Ex.15C

1. It is said that she can speak several foreign language/She is said to be able to speak several foreign languages.

2. It is known that many people are homeless after the earthquake/Many people are known to be homeless after the earthquake.

3. It is understood that this is the result of recent negotiations/ This is understood to be…

4. It is thought that she has recovered/She is thought to have recovered.

5. It is expected that the president will make an announcement/ The president is expected to make an announcement.

6. Will this question be discussed tomorrow morning? 7. It can be done right away. 8. Has this motion been adopted?

9. The reservoir is going to be completed ahead of schedule. 10.Some new songs are being taught now over the radio. 11.Quality must be guaranteed first.

12.Another college has been set up at Pudong.

13.It is suggested that the meeting be put off till next Thursday. 14.It must be recognized that China is still a developing country.

15.It must be pointed out that Taiwan problem is China?s internal affairs. 16.This English Reader sells well. 17.A porcelain sink cleans easily. 18.This drawer won?t lock. 19.Milk spoils easily.

20.Will this fish keep till tomorrow? EX.15D

1. Couldn?t someone be asked to do the work privately without being known?

2. They were shocked by the boy?s rudeness, which was put down to his having been spoiled by his parents.

3. …that the picture had been stolen.

4. The question was put to debate, but on very few occasions was a question fully debated in Parliament.

5….and martial law was declared. / The army put down the rebellion and declared martial law.

6.He wanted the information to be treated as confidential,… 7….and the proceeds will be shared among his family.

8.All the members should have an equal right to speak and to vote.Only in this way could they make the law effectively. 9.Having been ignored for many years,…

10.Should it be proved beyond doubt that the fire was caused by an accident,the man being held on suspicion of arson will be released.

11.On being informed that he was wantde by the police,the man realized that he had been betrayed his accomplice.

12….it was found that most of its fitting had been stripped and the air had been let out of the tyres.

13….,but it had to be cancelled at the last minute because of a cabinet crisis.

14.The fire was finally got under control ,but not before it had caused extensive damage / but not before extensive damage had been caused. 15….before you made any decision.

16.Feudalism was not accepted,any more than capitalism is.

17….and two thousand pounds? worth of jewellery had been stolen.

18.Information about the source from which the startling news had been obtained was withheld by the reporter./ The reporter withheld information about the source from which he had obtained the startling news.

19.The army authorities needn?t have caused him so much distress by telling him that his brother had died in action,as they later discovered that they had made a mistake as to the missing man?s identity.

20.A kind of lid is fixed to the top of the pipe,and the oil is allowed to flow gently

through taps. Ex.16A

1. She insists that he take his vacation now.

2. I had recommended that he be placed in a more reponsible position. 3. I suggested that he finish up that project quickly. 4. I demanded that he accompany me to the hearing .

5. The general commanded that the soilders advance immediately. 6. I prefer that Mary type the letters .

7. It was necessary that he leave immediately. 8. I t?s important that he be nominated.

9. He advised htat she wait for a few weeks . 10. The board has instructed that the manager quit.

11. He ordered that the troops march to the front at once. 12. Congress has voted that this law be abolished.

13. It is absolutely essential that all the applicants e interviewed one by one . 14. I think it advisable that a secrectry be appointed at once. 15. We propose that somebody neutral take the chair. 16. Long live our great motherland . 17. Be it understood that …. 18. Suffice it to say that….

19. It is necessary that every member get informed of these rules. 20. …..if need be. Ex.16B

1.be 2.were 3.were 4.have. 5.be 6.be 7. weren?t 8. be appointed 9.were 10. were 11. be examined 12. were . 13.were 14.apply 15.were feeling 16 be increase 17 be made ,cconomize 18 were 19 Be 20 be dropped 21were 22 were 23 were to rain 24 were to see 25 (not) be started 26 Suffice 27 tell 28 be excused 29 be adjourned/adjourn 30 Were 31 continue 32 be 33 be 34 inform 35 come 36 be 37 come 38 perish 39 were 40 forget Ex.16 C

1 went 2 had 3had done 4 began 5 knew 6 had 7 had nibbled 8 were adressing 9 were 10 stayed ,looked 11 had tied 12 hadn?t given 13 had ,would 14 were 15 drove 16 had been 17 had not 18 had kept 19 paid 20 did not know 21 had never been 22 stopped,started 23 had brought 24 were coming 25 had taken 26 took 27 had had /had 28 had not tried 29. had not had 30.got Ex .16D

1.I would certainly take you there if need be.

2.If Iwere to do this ,I would adopt a different method.

3.The president ordered that all the armed forces be mobilized at once. 4.The board decided that Ilhnson ge appointed general manager. 5. If I were you ,I would face up to the problem.

6.If I were in better health,I would have long left this place. 7.Far be it from me to see him make a mistake. 8. How I wish our factory were better equipped .

9.If we weren?t to have our test tomorrow ,I would go and see a film this evening . 10.It is essential that all the applicants be interviewed one by one.

11.It was suggested that another session be held to discuss the problem of inflation 12.I insisted that she stay in Shanghai fot anoter day or two.

13.The steel workeers demanded that their wages be increased by 10per cent. 14.I second their motion that the discussion be put off. 15.I prefer that my secretary accompany me to Beijing .

16.It has been decided that more time be alloted for esxtensive reading .

17.Suffice yit to say that without national independence there is no democracy or freedom .

18.If you do jnot disten to my advice ,so be it .

19.We unanimously recommended that a neutral chairman be appointed. 20.He has become ,as it were,an utterly silf-centred man. Ex.17A

1 can type 2 can answer 3 could never understand 4 could solve 5 (What you say )might be 6 Shall I open …? 7 will come 8 Would you have ….? 9 will put 10 will sit 11 would ht 12 would sit 13 You should read 14 We must read 15 You must not somk 16 Can you do 17 Should we wait 18 We need not attend 19 That will be 20 that must be Ex.17B

a) 1 needn?t (=don?t have to ,don?t need to,haven?t got to)

2 won?t have to 3 didn?t have to (didn?t need to ) 4 needn?t 5 didn?t have to 6 didn?t have to 7 needn?t 8 needn?t 9 won?t have to 10 needn?t

b) 11 You had to …. 12 He wasn?t to 13 He wasn?t to 14 You had to … 15 He said I wasn?t to 16 They had to 17 We had to 18 I wasn?t to 19 He said you weren?t to

20. We had to… Ex.17C

1.should 2.should 3.Would, should 4.would 5.should 6.would 7.should, would 8.should 9.should 10.would,. would 11.should 12.would,would 13.should 14.would, would 15.should 16.should 17.Should 18.would,should 19.would 20.should, should/would Ex.17D

1. He may be doing his homework. 2. She may have forgotten to call me back.

3. Could you lend me 5 pounds until tomorrow? 4. I wonder if I could leave now.

5. It might rain this evening. 6.Old Tom might have left San Diego. 7. If it should rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.

8.You should do as he says. 9. If you should change your mind, please let me know. 10.I?m surprised that he should have an accident. 11.Should I go with you? 12.You shan?t answer her back again.

13.You mustn?t violate the traffic regulations again.

14.He must have got lost in the mountains. 15.You needn?t go and see him.

16.You needn?t bave written to her. 17.You should have helped her. 18.If you would change this car, I should be very grateful.

19.Would you mind shutting the door? 20.She shouldn?t have bought that house. 21.It?s odd that she should say that. 22.Don?t call him.He?ll be taking a nap. 23.Don?t write to him. He won?t be home now. 24.Don?t bother him. He will have heard the news. 25.A lion will attack people only when hungry.

26.What will you do after graduation? 27.Mary ought to be home by now. 28.You oughtn?t to have bought a new car.

29.He used to work in Shanghai, but now he is nowhere to be found. 30.How dare you say that in the presence of the principal?