.

说话，然后问村民们在说什么。他们说，他们不知道，因为这只鹦鹉是从它的主人的语言。死亡的主人，是最后一个说话的人。

乙：很难过。但现在的小部落或民族融入主流文化，必须讲语言或文化才能生存。可怕的是，当语言消失了，文化和传统也会消失。

教授：为什么？

B：好的，例如，有28000个土著人汉特成员居住在西伯利亚，在俄罗斯北部，只有20的人说自己的传统语言。现在有话在吨指特定的仪式，这些词在俄语中不存在。当他们没有这句话的时候，他们怎么能练习他们的礼仪呢？

教授：你是在一个项目中参与保护濒危语言的项目。

是的，的确。我们参观文化的语言是濒危和文件的语言的语法，词汇，口头的传统歌曲，故事，这样的事情。一种语言是如此的丰富，有如此的米这种从中学习。

磷：当然

我们也试着通过教育来保持语言的活力。威尔士语是一种语言，已保存的一个很好的例子。

P：威尔士快死了，是不是？

乙：是的，但已经取得了很多的努力，现在百分之20的人口讲威尔士威尔士

警：所以可以做。

是的，它可以 Passage 2

When a dog growls(狂叫) at another dog, it’s giving a warning signal. When a dog wags（摇尾巴） his tall at its human owner, It’s expressing excitement or happiness. It has always been clear to us that animals communicate, both to others of their own species and to other species. But in recent decades scientists have attempted to find out if animals have any communication systems that resemble human language.

To qualify as a langrage, two features are needed. The language must have rules, in other words, grammar or syntax（句法）. Equally important, the language, whether it’s sound or movement, must have meaning to the communicator. For example, when a child says, “Daddy watch telly,”the words may not be correct grammatically, but the child knows what it’s saying.

Let’s look at some examples of what researchers have discovered. One of the most famous examples of insect communication is the dance language of bees. When bees have found a source of food they do a dance. The movements of the bees and their positions show the distance and direction of the food source. For insects, this is an advanced communication system but no, you can’t call this language in the human sense. Researchers have found that certain sounds dolphins make are linked to specific types of behavior. For example .they’ll make one kind of whistling sound while feeding, another while socializing. Sometimes one dolphin will whistle（吹口哨） and another will seem to answer. Dolphins have large human-sized brains and it’s possible that they may have a type of language.

It’s not surprising that primates（灵长类） may have advanced communication systems. Verve monkeys have different alarm calls for different animals. An alarm call meaning “eagle” sends monkeys down the trees while an alarm call meaning “leopard” sends them up the trees.

The most exciting work of all has been done in America where researchers have taught chimpanzees American Sign Language. A monkey called Washoe has learnt hundreds of words and is able to use then in sentences, for example, “want food now.” When people seem upset she signed words such as “hurt” and “sorry”. On one occasion, a young chimpanzee took Washer’s magazine. Washoe signed to herself, “Bad, bad, bad”. Clearly words have meaning for Washoe and for some of her companions too.

However, when all is said and done, none of the research has shown that animals use language in the complex way that humans do. However, the researcher …… '.

.

当一只狗咆哮（狂叫）在另一只狗，它给一个警告信号。当狗摇（摇尾巴）他在主人的高，这是表达激动和幸福。它一直告诉我们，生命对其他物种和其他物种进行交流。但近几十年来，科学家们试图找出动物是否有类似人类的交流系统适用范围。

作为一个合格的语言，两功能是必要的。语言必须有规则，换句话说，语法或句法（句法）。同样重要的是，语言，无论是声音或运动，必须有意义吴的沟通者。例如，当一个孩子说，“爸爸看电视，”的话不可能在语法上是正确的，但孩子知道它在说什么。

让我们来看看研究人员发现的一些例子。最有名的昆虫传播的例子之一是蜜蜂的舞蹈语言。当蜜蜂找到食物的来源时，他们就这样做了舞蹈。蜜蜂和它们的位置的移动显示了食物来源的距离和方向。对于昆虫，这是一个先进的通信系统，但没有，你不能把这种语言在吨他人类意识。

研究人员已经发现，某些声音海豚与特定类型的行为有关。例如，他们会在给人一种口哨声的同时，另一个在社交的时候。舒美特艾姆斯一海豚哨（吹口哨）和另一个会回答。海豚有大的人类大脑，有可能他们有一种语言。

这并不奇怪，灵长类动物（灵长类）可能拥有先进的通信系统。神韵的猴子有不同的报警电话，为不同的动物。一个报警电话的意思是“鹰”给猴子下树当一个警钟，意思是“豹”把他们送上了树。

最令人激动的工作在美国已经完成，研究人员在那里教黑猩猩的美国手语。一只猴子名叫Washoe学会了几百个字，能用在例如，句子，“现在就要吃”，当人们似乎不高兴时，她签了字，如“伤害”和“对不起”。有一次，一个年轻的黑猩猩带着洗衣机的杂志。瓦肖签署了自己的“坏，坏的，坏的。清楚的话有意义的一些同伴Washoe的太。

然而，当所有的人都说和完成时，没有一个研究表明动物在人类的复杂方式中使用语言。然而，研究人员。 Unit 10

Outside view

……Think for a minute about the kinds of people who practice extreme sports. The people in these pictures: daredevil（喜欢冒险的人，鲁莽大胆的人）, risk-takers, thrill-seekers. Sure! But what kind of job do you think they have? Exciting jobs, right? What kinds of lives do they lead? Thrilling lives, of course! How old are they? They’re all under 30, right? what do they look like? Tall, strong, powerful, of course! Now, think again

……So, tell me, how come you came to the dentist?

……Um, well, I wanted to come for my regular, like, yearly appointment. ……Doctor Stephen Green is a holistic（整体的） dentist.

……We’ll try to tell you a little bit about your diet and your nutrition and most of your immune system is built around the food we eat. My goal

is finding health, and helping your find health and find that balance using the teeth as, as kind of a window into that. And making a lot of money, ah, is not where it’s at. It’s, it’s helping people.

……Doctor Green is passionate about his work. He is also passionate about windsurfing.

……I really don’t consider myself extreme. I’m a 60-year-old man, but I love to get out there. It keeps me in shape. The, the act of preparing

my sails, getting out there, looking at the wind, planning the day, talking to other windsurfers, deciding how we’re are going to prepare, what we’re going to rig, is, is part of it. Just sometimes the rigging and de-rigging is enough exercise but if I get out of there and I get going and I find that magical balance, it’s, it’s worth it all, and, and, and, it’s taught me not to be afraid. Un, that’s, that’s the biggest thing I’ve learnt from it.

……Most Sundays Doctor Green gets together with his son, Jeremy. ……I can’t believe you picked such a good day for your tournament, Jeremy.

……Yeah, these waves are incredible. The wind is up. Going to have a good day, huh? My son Jeremy, ah, he, he’s just amazing, uh, he’s just the

most balanced person I ever met. He’s created in Jupiter a, a kiting Mecca. Uh, people love to come here. And he’s created a whole set of '.

.

friends from a wide variety of walks of life.

……People have come here from all over the world to learn kite surfing. If you’ve never surfed, if you’ve never flown kites, um, you can learn

this easy. There’s no one type of person, uh, that can do this sport. My dad and I are like brothers. Uh, we’ve gone surfing together in Costa Rica, we’ve gone windsurfing in Miami, and now we’ve gone kite surfing in the Dominican Republic. It’s magic to do it by yourself, but to be able to share it with your son, l mean, oh! What a blessing! When the wind starts blowing 20 miles an hour, or 22 miles an hour, the power just increased so much. Kite boarding is like flying. It’s like no other sport. You’re in the moment. You’re not thinking about anything else, except for worried about how you’re going to control this, and how you’re going to land. I, I, I love to watch Jeremy kitesurfing, uh, it’s, first of all he’s part of me, so part of me is doing all those big jumps and feel the exhilaration（兴奋）. It doesn’t take a lot of strength if you had the balance. You can take the sport, you know, up to about 30 miles an hour, uh, before it starts to get very, very dangerous. Safety’s very, very important. People are always asking me if they can hurt themselves kiteboarding. Those big jumps and those long distances make it very, very dangerous. you can hurt yourself if you don’t know your limits and you go in extreme conditions. Injury is part of it and eating our green vegetables and taking our enzymes（酶）we’ve found that we’re able to be very resilient, bounce back very quickly, and the injuries then become a very small part of our experience.

……When I go out, I go fast, it feels good. Even if for a few moments, it, it’s, it’s just the most exhilarating（使人异常兴奋的）, most wonderful, most magical things that can happen. And I know that I’m, I’m young again and it’s worth every day. It keeps me happy for a month.

，想一分钟关于那些练习极限运动的人。这些照片中的人：夜魔侠（喜欢冒险的人，鲁莽大胆的人），冒险，寻求刺激的人。当然!但

你认为什么样的工作他们有吗？令人兴奋的工作，对吗？他们的生活是什么样的？当然是令人激动的生活！他们多大了？他们都在30岁以下，对吗？他们看起来怎么样？高大，强壮，有力，当然！现在，再想一想

那么，告诉我，你怎么来的牙医？

嗯，好吧，我想为我的定期，喜欢，每年任命。

绿色是一个整体。史蒂芬医生（整体的）牙医。

我们会告诉你一点关于你的饮食和营养，你的大部分免疫系统是建立在我们吃的食物上的。我的目标是寻找健康，并帮助你找到健康

和寻找健康的身体这种平衡使用的牙齿，作为一种窗口到。和赚很多钱，啊，是不是在那里它的。它是帮助人们。

绿色医生对他的工作充满热情。他也热爱冲浪。

我真的不认为自己极端。我是一个60岁的男人，但我喜欢去那里。它使我保持在外形上。准备我的风帆，在那里，看风，规划的行为

一天，跟其他的风帆，决定我们如何去准备，我们要去台，是的，是它的一部分。只是有时，操纵和操纵是足够的锻炼，但如果我得到的但有和我去我发现神奇的平衡，这是，这一切都是值得的，，，，，，，它教会了我不要害怕。这是我从中学习到的最大的东西。

大部分星期天医生和他的儿子，杰瑞米。

我真不敢相信你为你的比赛选了这么好的一天，杰瑞米。

是啊，这些波是令人难以置信的。风起。要有一个好的一天，对吗？我的儿子杰瑞米啊，他，他真是太棒了，他是我见过的最平衡的

人。他在木星创建一、一个风筝麦加。嗯，人们喜欢到这里来。他创造了一系列的朋友，来自生活的各种各样的散步。

全世界的人都来学风筝冲浪。如果你从来没有过，如果你从来没有放过风筝，嗯，你可以学习这个简单的。没有一种人，嗯，可以做

的这项运动。我的爸爸和我都像兄弟。嗯，我们已经一起冲浪在哥斯达黎加，我们去冲浪在迈阿密，现在我们在多米尼加共和国走了风筝冲浪。做的魔术它由你自己，但能够分享它与你的儿子，我的意思是，哦！什么祝福！当风开始每小时20英里，或22'.

.

英里每小时，这个力量就这么大了。风筝boardi吴是喜欢飞行。这就像没有其他的运动。你此刻正在。你不在考虑其他的事情，除了担心你将如何控制这一点，以及如何去土地。我，我，我爱看杰瑞米风筝冲浪，呃，这是，首先，他是我的一部分，所以我的一部分是做那些大的跳跃而感到兴奋（兴奋）。如果你有了这一次，那就没有太多的力量平衡。你可以把这项运动，你知道，大约30英里一小时，嗯，在它开始变得非常，非常危险。安全是非常重要的。人们总是问我，如果他们可以伤害自己的风筝。那些大的跳跃和那些长的距离，使它非常，非常危险。如果你不知道自己的极限，你会在极端情况下走，你会伤害到自己。伤害是一部分这和吃绿色蔬菜，以我们的酶（酶）我们发现我们能够很有弹性，恢复很快，且伤后成为我们经验中很小的一部分E.

当我出去的时候，我走的很快，感觉很好。即使片刻，它，它，它是最令人兴奋的（使人异常兴奋的），最精彩，最神奇的事情会发生。

我知道我是，我是年轻又一次，它的价值每一天。它让我快乐了一个月。

Listening in Passage 1

There have always been tales of miraculous survival at sea and the latest news story is one of the best survival stories you ever hear. A 62-year-old American citizen called Richard Van Pham, an immigrant from Vietnam, set out in his small eight-meter boat from Southern California one morning last May. He intended to sail to an island 35 kilometers away. The trip to the island normally takes a day but there was a bad storm and the high winds broke the boat’s mast（船桅）so the sail fell down and it broke the rudder so there was no means of directing the boat. As if that wasn’t bad enough, the radio stopped working and so did the boat’s motor. With no way of sailing, the boat just floated with no direction, day after day, and it wasn’t until fourth months later – four months, imagine that! –that an American plane spotted the boat almost 480 kilometers off the coast of Coast Rica. The plane radioed an American ship nearby and it rescued poor Richard Van Pham. Pham was delighted to be rescued of course, but astonishingly, he didn’t want to be taken back home. Instead, he wanted the sailors to help him repair his boat so that he could sail to Hawaii. Yes, Pham thought he was near Hawaii, an island in another direction. Very understandable, considering the length of time he’d been at sea.

Pham had lost 18 kilometers but apart from that he was in surprisingly good health. he ‘d survived by catching fish and drinking rainwater. There were old newspaper onboard and he’d read them. There was also solar generator（发电机）aboard so he’d been able to watch videos on a small television. Sounds OK, doesn’t it

The reason why no one had reported him missing was because he had no family. He’d come to America in 1976 and had became a successful businessman. But ten years ago he had a bad car accident which left him unable to work. Most recently he had been living in his boat.

Where’s Pham now? Well, the ship’s sailors liked Pham so much that they gave him $800 to fly back to San Francisco in America. And finally, what did Pham have to say about his experience?” If you travel at sea, you take what you find. If you were scared you will die.” What a man!

在海上有奇迹般的生存故事，最新的新闻故事是你听过的最好的生存故事之一。62岁的美国公民李察Van范，一个移民咆哮来自越南，开始在他的小八米长的船一天最后可能从加利福尼亚南部。他打算航行到一个35公里以外的岛屿上。到岛上旅行通常要一天但有一个糟糕的暴风雨和大风把船的桅杆（船桅），帆落下来了，它打破了舵所以没有指挥船的手段。如果这还不够糟，光啊，停止工作，做船的马达。没有办法的航行，船只是浮动没有方向，一天又一天，直到第四个月后，四个月，想象！–THA一架美国飞机在海岸附近发现了这艘几乎480千米的船。飞机向一艘美国船附近，它救了可怜的李察?范。他很高兴被救出当然，但令人惊讶的是，他不想被带回家。他想让水手们帮助他修理他的船，这样他就可以航行到夏威夷了。是的，他以为他是在夏威夷附近，一个在另一个方向的岛屿。很容易理解，考虑到他在海上的时间长短。

他已经失去了18公里，但除了他惊人的健康。他靠捕鱼和喝雨水存活了下来。船上有旧报纸，他会读他们的。在W作为太阳能发电（发电机）上，他能够在一个小电视观看视频。听起来不错，不是吗

没有人报告他失踪的原因是因为他没有家人。他1976年来美国，成了一个成功的商人。但是十年前，他有一次严重的车祸，LEF他不能工作。最近他一直生活在他的船上。

他现在在哪里？好了，船上的水手们喜欢他这么多，他们给了他800美元，飞回三藩美国。最后，什么范所说的关于他的经历吗？“如'.