done. Following are some of the examples of protocol and etiquette that will help demonstrate the relationship between the two ：

P216 appointment making 第二段

In El Salvador an d much Of Latin America, including Mexico, appointments must be made at leasta month in advance by mail or telephone and then verified one week before the meeting.InLatinAmerican cultures, you should establish your contacts as high up in the organization as possible. Ifyou want an appointment in Egypt, you must send a letter Of introduction to an Egyptian contact that can facilitate obtaining an appointment. In Africa, the use Of an intermediary is sometimes essential，especially when approaching someone Of higher status. Intermediaries can open doors, ensure a warm reception for your upcoming Visit, and assess the prospects for the proposal you plan to present. to do business in Saudi Arabia, you must have a sponsor that acts as an intermediary, makes appointments, an d arranges meetings. In Italy, as well, strong contacts that can represent you an d make appropriate introductions are preferred. Even with such a representative, it is important that your initial contact be written in Italian. When doing business in China, it is also important to establish contacts before you invest in a trip. There are organizations that can assist in arranging appointments with local Chinese businesses and government officials, an d can identify importers, buyers, agents，distributors, and Joint venture partners.

P217 倒数第一段，How to present the card in different cultures?

Presentation Of the card varies between cultures. The practice in the U.S. Of glancing at the business card and promptly putting it in the pocket is considered rude in countries like Japan. The Japanese examine the business card carefully and comment while accepting it. During meetings, place the business cards Of others attending in front Of you on the conference tab le to properly refer to names, ranks ， and titles. Use both hands when presenting your card in Japan or R.O.K., and position the card so that the person can read it. In the Islamic world the left hand is considered unclean. Even in many non-Islamic are as Of Africa and Asia，the tradition has evolved of using the right hand in preference over the left, so when presenting or receiving a business card, use the right hand 、

P219 第三段 time and place of dining

time and place of diningalso vary in different cultures. In some parts Of the world, the main meal is at noon while in others the main meal is in the evening. Lunchtime in many cultures is 什 01 嗆 noon to 2 p.m., but in Mexico, lunchtime is from 2 p.m. to 4 P.m. and is the main meal Of the day. In some cultures, business meals are eaten in private homes while in Other cultures they are usually eaten at restaurants.

P220 第一段，不同国家和地区在就餐时的特点

In American eating style, people cut the meat with the knife held in the right hand and the fork in the left, then place the knife on the plate，shift the fork to the right hand，and eat. Diners adhering to the Continental style place the fork in the left hand and knife in the right; they use the knife to push food onto the back of the fork，and then move the food into the mouth with the tines Of the

fork down. Asians use chopsticks, especially for eating，rice, but use a spoon for soup. They appreciate foreignerattempting to use chopsticks and are Often willing to demonstrate correct usage. But it is not true that all Chinese people eat with chopsticks. Chopsticks are chiefly used by the Hans，China，s majority nationality. In Inner Mongolia, to name one exception, if you are invited to dinner by a herdsman, he will expect you to cut a chunk off the boiled whole sheep with a knife and eat it with your fingers. In many countries，you are expected to eat everything on your plate; Egyptians, however, consider it impolite to eat everything on your plate. Dining in Japan, especially in Japanese homes，requires sitting in a kneeling position on a tatami mat. Men keep their knees about 10 centimeters apart while women keep their knees together. The ability to lower yourself to this position and rise from it gracefully requires practice. P221 第一段穆斯林，犹太教徒，印度教徒的食物禁忌

StrictMuslirns do not consume pork (or any animal that is a scavenger) or alcohol. Orthodox Jews eat neither pork nor shellfish. They also observe such rules as not serving meat an d dairy products together and requiring that cattle or fowl be ritually slaughtered, i.e. kosher. Strict Muslims also observe ritual slaughtering. Hindus do not eat any beef because the COW is considered sacred. people from countries such as India are often vegetarians because of personal or religious beliefs.

P221-222 basic dining etiquette tips基本就餐礼仪规则（小黑点）

Place your napkin on your lap only after everyone has been seated. Be discreet, do not open the napkin with a mid-air snap or flourish but rather open it below table level and place it on your lap. If you must leave in mid-course，place your napkin on the chair, or to the left Of your plate; never place it on your plate. When the meal is concluded, place the finished napkin to the right Of your plate.

Never begin eating until everyone has been served unless invited to do so by the host.

Forearms are OK on the table but elbows are not. In some cultures, particularly in Asia，it is considered rude to put your hands beneath table level. It is common in Europe，Asia，an d Africa for diners to keep the same flatware throughout a meal. It is acceptable to wipe them offwith a piece ofbread.

Do not point or gesticulate with your knife ()r any Other implement for that manner) while engaged in conversation at table. It is considered the height Of rudeness an d bad breeding.

In Europe and Africa， the salad is served after the main course. In America it is served at the Start ofa meal.

In most European and Middle Eastern cultures,coffee will be served after dessert and, in the case of Europe, after the cheese course which concludes the meal. In the United States，cheese if Often served as a hors d'oeuvre (appetizer).

When it comes to formal toasts，follow the lead of the hosts. In many Asian cultures only counterparts Of equal status may toast each Other.

Always taste your food before adding any seasonings, Including salt. It is rude to season without tasting and may actually reflect negatively on your character by implying that you are not prone to making haste decisions before checkingout the facts.”(p62）

P223-224 seating arrangement 法国，英国，中国餐桌格局安排（自己看）

P226-227 tipping 小费给多少，给哪些人，哪些是没有小费文化的国家

P228 日本和德国送礼的反面例子

(1)A Grand Rapids, Michigan, export manager once entertained a group Of valued Japanese customers. Knowing the Japanese propensity for gift-giving, the American placed a small, boxed gift near each place setting at dinner table. He had chosen a small Swiss penknife as his gift. After the group was seated, he insisted the guests open their presents. (Mistake number one ， as we'll learn later.) Each guest reluctantly opened his package, and the American executive was greeted with a stony silence. (Mistake number two: presenting a knife to the Japanese is symbolically suggesting suicide.)

(2)A west Virginia executive, visiting Germany for the first time，was invited to the home of his largest customer. He decided to be gall ant and bring his hostess a bouquet Of flowers. (so far，so good.) He selected a dozen re d roses. (Oops! Terrible mistake.) He later learned that in Germany, first, it is bad luck to pre sent an even number Of flowers，and second, red roses are symbolic of a strong romantic interest.

(3)George Bush once gave former Chinese Premier Li Peng a pair ofblack cowboy boots ， with one boot displaying the Chine se flag and the Other the Stars and Stripes. In Asia the sole of the foot is considered the lowliest，dirtiest part of the body, so mixing flag and foot was hardly diplomatic.

P230 日本送礼细节（斜体字） (1 never surprise (2wrap the gift

(3 do not insist that the receiver open the gift and there (4 give and receive gift with both hands (5 comment on the modesty (6 never give four of anything

(7 the value of gift befit the status of the recipient (8 gift are usually exchange at the end of a visit (9 try not to get caught empty-hand (10 expect and respect reciprocity (11 cash handouts should be avoided

P230-240 美国送礼细节（斜体字）太多==

P231 中国可以送和要避免送的东西

Generally speaking, the following items are suggested: desk accessories，kitchen gadgets, framed paintings. decorated items for the home, books, pans ， lighters, whiskey, calculators and watches, a cellular phone or small music players, stamps, flowers and food. Gifts to avoid are: foreign currency，cheese, green headwear，Sharp objects like knives or scissors，clocks. handkerchiefs, umbrellas or white flowers, etc.

跨文化案例分析部分复习提纲

P56 Hofstede-Bond’s Value Dimensions 1. P56 Hofstede-Bond’s Value Dimensions: ? collectivism和individualism的特点 2. P57-58 Hofstede-Bond’s Value Dimensions:

? high power distance和low power distance的差异，两种文化的特点，人们会有什么样

的表现

3. P61-65 high-and low-context orientation ? 高低语境的特点和区别

4. P90-91 Face Theory，P92顾曰国的礼貌原则 ? positive face和negative face的区别和特点 ? 顾曰国礼貌原则的四个方面

5. P100-101 Cultural Thought Patterns (CTPs) ? 英语的特点 ? 汉语的特点

6. P106-109 Verbal Styles ? 英语的语言风格 ? 汉语的语言风格 7. P137

? 阿拉伯人交际中在非言语方面的特点 8. P146-148 Personal Space ? 美国文化中的4种距离 9. P152-153 Temporal Language ? M-time和P-time的特点和区别

课内案例：

1. P62 You must be very tired. 2. P63-64 The Third Hand

3. P70-72 Case 4 Two Short Cross-Cultural Dialogue 4. P159-160 Case 7

5. P160-161 Case 8 6. P244 Case 11