Models Of Com munication

Although there are many models to describe the act of communicating，two are used here to illustrate the process: the linear and the contextualized models.

虽然有许多模型来描述交流的行为，两个在这里用来说明的过程：线性和语境模型。 The Linear Model

Perhaps the earliest systematic model of communication was presented by Aristotle,the Greek philosopher, in his Rhetoric ，completed some 2300 years ago. The model is extremely simple，as one can be seen in Fig. 1-3.P7

Aristotle included five essential elements of communication; the speaker, the speech or message ，the audience, the occasion, and the effect. In this Rhetoric, Aristotle advises the speaker on constructing a speech for different audiences on different occasions for different effects. This model isactually moreapplicable to public speaking than it is to interpersonal communication.

也许最早的系统通信模式是由希腊哲学家亚里士多德在他的修辞中提出的，完成了大约2300年前。 该模型非常简单，如图1所示。 1-3。 P7

亚里士多德包括了交流的五个基本要素; 演讲者，演讲或消息，观众，场合和效果。 在这个修辞中，亚里士多德建议演讲者在不同的场合为不同的观众建立不同的效果的演讲。 这种模式实际上更适用于公开演讲，而不是人际交往。

Another attempt to describe the communication process in its separate parts was made by Harold D. Lasswell in 1948. The model attempt to explain the essential elements in communication and the areas of study concerned with them. Notice the Lasswell 5-W

model is not very different from that proposed by Aristotle some 2300 years ago

Harold D. Lasswell在1948年另一个试图在其单独部分描述沟通过程的尝试。这种模式试图解释沟通的基本要素以及与它们有关的研究领域。 注意Lasswell 5-W模型与亚里士多德在2300年前提出的模型没有很大的不同

This is the same as saying that every example of a communication process can be broken down into the following terms: what sender with what messagethrough what channel to what receiver with what effect. This is a very popular model which has been used by a lot of communication scholars ．This linear model, lays out parts of the process in a straight line as if communication is all about sending message from A to B. In fact, communication is rarely that simple, because human communication involves many more things than the mere transference of information from one source to another. There are power relations, role relations ，age and sex differences ，feelings, and so on.

这是一样的说，每个通信过程的例子可以分为以下术语：什么发送者与什么消息通过什么渠道到什么接收器有什么效果。 这是一个非常受欢迎的模型，已经被许多通信学者使用。这个线性模型，直接布置过程的一部分，就好像通信是从A到B发送消息。事实上，通信很少 这简单，因为人类传播涉及的东西比仅仅将信息从一个来源转移到另一个更多的东西。 有权力关系，角色关系，年龄和性别差异，感情等等。 The Contextrealized Model上下文实现模型

this model adds the dimension of a situation and/or its surroundings．Context always affects the act of communication.

此模型添加了情境和/或其环境的维度。上下文总是影响通信的行为。

Contextrefers to the idea that every act of communication must happen in some sort of

Surroundings, and what is meant by this is actually quite complicated. Most obviously there is the physical context-whether we are talking to someone in our living room or on the terraces at a football match. Then there is also the social context,which has to do with the occasion involved and the people in it. This might be a group of friends in a club or a family meal or a group of mourners at a funeral. The situation dictates that we would communicate differently in the situation of a formal dinner with our boss, as compared with eating fish and chips in the kitchen with friends. Then there is the culture context，which refers to an even broader set of circumstances and beliefs ，which will affect how We communicate.

上下文是指每个通信行为必须发生在某种环境中的想法，这意味着实际上相当复杂。 最明显的是有物理环境 - 无论我们是在我们的客厅或在足球比赛的露台上的人说话。 然后还有社会背景，这与涉及的场合和其中的人有关。 这可能是一个俱乐部或家庭餐中的一群朋友或一个葬礼上的一群哀悼者。 情况要求我们在与我们的老板正式晚宴的情况下沟通不同，与在厨房里与朋友一起吃鱼和薯条相比。 然后是文化背景，它指的是更广泛的情境和信仰，这将影响我们如何沟通。

It is particularly importantto see that the media is part of the cultural context in which we operate. how we talk ，What we talk about ，and What music we listen to ，have a lot to do with the influence of the cultural context Of the media.

特别重要的是，媒体是我们经营的文化背景的一部分。 我们如何谈论，我们谈论什么，以及我们听什么音乐，与媒体的文化背景的影响有很大关系。

Feedback reminds us that communication is often two-way. There are responses to the messages sent ，and we adjust the way we carry on a conversation ，for example ，

according to the feedback that we get from the Other person. The channel which conveys feedback does not have to be speech but may be non-verbal --for example a bored expression or a movement of the feet indicating a readiness to leave.

反馈提醒我们，沟通往往是双向的。 有对发送的消息的响应，并且我们调整我们进行对话的方式，例如，根据我们从其他人获得的反馈。 传达反馈的通道不必是语音，而是可以是非语言的 - 例如无聊的表达或脚的运动指示准备离开。

These models are certainly not complete explanations of communication. Rather, they are attempts to picture some Of the most essential elements and processes and the relevant relationships which make up the communication act. They should serve to introduce a basic vocabulary of interpersonal communication. With the basic knowledge Of communication ，we will move on to see What business communication is like. 这些模型当然不是对沟通的完整解释。 相反，他们试图画出一些最基本的要素和过程以及构成沟通行为的相关关系。 他们应该介绍人际沟通的基本词汇。 有了沟通的基本知识，我们将继续看看什么是商业沟通。

Downward communication refers to the communication from the management to the employees,which is a one-way communication.The primary purpose of the manager-initiated communication flow is to convey orders and information. Managers use this channel to let their people know what is to be done and how well they are doing. This channel facilitates the flow of information to those who need it for operational purposes. 下行通信是指从管理层到员工的通信，这是一种单向通信。 经理发起的通信流的主要目的是传达订单和信息。 管理者使用这个渠道来让他们的人知道要做什么以及他们做得怎么样。 这个信道便于信息流向那些需要它的操作目的。