we may have the following classification:

在与谁沟通，无论是人，动物“机器，我们可能有以下分类：

》 Human communication e.g. You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone.

人际沟通 你通过电话向你的导师抱怨你的课程学分 》 Animal communication e.g. A hen clucks to her chicks. 动物传播 一只母鸡向她的小鸡咯咯。

》 Human-animal communication e.g. A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing cow 人 - 动物传播 一个农夫给他的犁牛指示

》 Human-machine communication e.g. A programmer issues commands to a computer. 人机通信 程序员向计算机发出命令。

》 Machine-to-machine communication e.g. My watching machine receives commands from the built-in computer.

机器对机器通信。 我的洗衣机从内置计算机接收命令。

There is another type of classification of human communication，depending on the number of persons involved in communication:

还有另一种类型的人类传播分类，取决于参与传播的人数

》 Intrapersonal communication is communication within and to the self.（ 自我传播）e.g. A boy talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun.

内部传播是自我内部的沟通。 一个男孩谈起自己，同时蓬勃发展他的玩具枪。

》 Interpersonal communication is communication between people.（人际传播e.g. You send

an email message to an American friend.

人际沟通是人与人之间的沟通。 你发送给美国朋友的电子邮件。

》 Organizational communication is communication within groups of people and by groups of people to others.（组织传播）e.g. Your company sends circulars and messengers to other Companies.

组织传播是指人与人之间的沟通和人与人之间的沟通。 你的公司向其他人发送通知和信使 公司。

》 Mass communication is communication received by or used by large numbers of people. (大众传播）e.g. Information is sent through TV，radio，newspapers，or magazines. 大众传播是大量人接收或使用的传播。 （大众传播）例如，通过电视，广播，报纸或杂志发送信息。

In another word, under communication we have human and biological/physical communication; under human communication, we have non-social and social communication; intra-personal is non-social communication while social communication ， which business communication belongs to ,includes interpersonal, organizational and mass communication (See Fig. I-I).P6

换句话说，在沟通中，我们有人和生物/物理交流; 在人际交往下，我们有非社会和社会交际; 个人内部是非社会交际，而商业交际所属的社会交际包括人际，组织和大众传播(See Fig. I-I).P6

The Process Of Communication 1) components Of Communication

Scholars identify eight key components of communication within the framework of intentional

communication:message,sender,receiver,channel, noise, feedback, encoding and decoding. Each of them plays an important role in the process of communication and is worth our attention.

学者在有意识的框架内确定了沟通的八个关键组成部分通信：消息，发送者，接收者，信道，噪声，反馈，编码和解码。 他们每个人在沟通的过程中发挥重要作用，值得我们注意。 Messages--verbal or nonverbal-are the content Of communication and ideas from one person to another. A verbal message includes oral message and written message. A nonverbal message has more uncertainties than the verbal one.

消息 - 语言或非语言 - 是从一个人到另一个人的沟通和想法的内容。 口头消息包括口头消息和书面消息。 非言语消息比语言消息具有更多的不确定性。

A sender, refers to the person Who sends the message, while the receiver is the one who receives the message. In order to reduce the uncertainty or misunderstandings, the sender should think the receiver’s point of view When composing the message. Besides，the role of sender and receiver is always changing.

发送者，指发送消息的人，而接收者是接收消息的人。 为了减少不确定性或误解，发送方应该考虑接收方在编写消息时的观点。 此外，发送者和接收者的角色总是在变化。 Channel/Medium refers to the ways of sending and receiving messages. Different messages ask for different channels.

Channel / Medium是指发送和接收消息的方式。 不同的消息要求不同的通道。

Noise refers to the disturbances along the communication process, which may result in

unintended message perceived by the receiver.

噪声是指沿着通信过程的干扰，这可能导致接收机感知到非预期的消息。

Feedback refers to the reaction from the message receiver to the message sender. Feedbackcan further divided into two pairs：positive feedback vs. negative feedback; internal feedback vs. external feedback.

反馈是指从消息接收者到消息发送者的反应。 反馈可以进一步分为两对：正反馈与负反馈; 内部反馈与外部反馈。

Encoding refers to the process of the sender putting the message into a signal (the encoded message); decoding refers to the process Of the receiver interpreting the signal from the sender.

编码是指发送方将消息放入信号（编码消息）的过程; 解码是指接收机解释来自发送者的信号的过程。

Among these eight ingredients,encoding and decoding are of special significance because communication is achieved by encoding a message into a signal and by decoding this signal at the receiving end. In the process of message decoding, noise along the channel may interfere with the receiver’s interpreting of the signal from the sender it can destroy or distort the signal. As long as the message decoded is identical to the message encoded, the process of communicating is achieved.

在这八个成分中，编码和解码具有特别的意义，因为通信是通过将消息编码为信号并通过在接收端解码该信号来实现的。 在消息解码的过程中，沿着信道的噪声可能干扰接收机对来自发送机的信号的解释，其可以破坏或失真信号。 只要解码的消息与编码的消息相同，就实现了通信的过程。