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use of header bits, we have not demonstrated that it is essential. Does the protocol work correctly for MAX_SEQ = 4, for example?

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3-29 Frames of 1000 bits are sent over a 1-Mbps channel using a geostationary satellite whose propagation time from the earth is 270 msec. Acknowledgements are always piggybacked onto data frames. The headers are very short. Three-bit sequence numbers are used. What is the maximum achievable channel utilization for (a) Stop-and-wait. (b) Protocol 5. (c) Protocol 6.

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3-30 Compute the fraction of the bandwidth that is wasted on overhead (headers and retransmissions) for protocol 6 on a heavily-loaded 50-kbps satellite channel with data frames consisting of 40 header and 3960 data bits. Assume that the signal propagation time from the earth to the satellite is 270 msec. ACK frames never occur. NAK frames are 40 bits. The error rate for data frames is 1 percent, and the error rate for NAK frames is negligible. The sequence numbers are 8 bits.

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t=270+80=350ms£¬µÚÒ»Ö¡ÍêÈ«µ½´ï½ÓÊÕ·½£»t=350+80=430ms£¬¶ÔµÚÒ»Ö¡×÷ÉÓ´øÈ·Èϵķ´ÏòÊý¾ÝÖ¡¿ÉÄÜ·¢ËÍÍê±Ï£»t=430+270=700ms£¬´øÓÐÈ·Èϵķ´ÏòÊý¾ÝÖ¡ÍêÈ«µ½´ï·¢ËÍ·½¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÖÜÆÚΪ700ms£¬·¢ËÍ128 ֡ʱ¼ä80*128=10240ms£¬ÕâÒâζ×Å´«Êä¹ÜµÀ×ÜÊdzäÂúµÄ¡£Ã¿¸öÖ¡ÖØ´«µÄ¸ÅÂÊΪ0.01£¬¶ÔÓÚ3960 ¸öÊý¾Ýλ£¬Í·¿ªÏúΪ40 λ£¬Æ½¾ùÖØ´«µÄλÊýΪ4000*0.01=40룬´«ËÍNAK µÄƽ¾ùλÊýΪ40*1/100=0.40 룬ËùÒÔÿ3960 ¸öÊý¾ÝλµÄ×Ü¿ªÏúΪ80.4 λ¡£ Òò´Ë£¬¿ªÏúËùÕ¼µÄ´ø¿í±ÈÀýµÈÓÚ80.4/(3960+80.4)=1.99%¡£

3-32 A 100-km-long cable runs at the T1 data rate. The propagation speed in the cable is 2/3 the speed of light in vacuum. How many bits fit in the cable?

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4-1 For this problem, use a formula from this chapter, but first state the formula. Frames arrive randomly at a 100-Mbps channel for transmission. If the channel is busy when a frame arrives, it waits its turn in a queue. Frame length is exponentially distributed with a mean of 10,000 bits/frame. For each of the

following frame arrival rates, give the delay experienced by the average frame, including both queueing time and transmission time.

(a) 90 frames/sec. (b) 900 frames/sec. (c) 9000 frames/sec.

(time delay, T // a channel of capacity C bps // with an arrival rate of ? frames/sec)

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£¬

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sec¡£¶ÔÓÚÕâÈýÖÖµ½´ïËÙÂÊ£¬ÎÒÃǵóöµÄÊÇ(a) 0.1 msec,(b) 0.11 msec,

(c) 1 msec. ¶ÔÓÚcµÄÇé¿ö£¬ÎÒÃDzÙ×÷Ò»¸ö´øÀ´10±¶ÑÓ³ÙµÄÅŶÓϵͳ

4-2 A group of N stations share a 56-kbps pure ALOHA channel. Each station outputs a 1000-bit frame on an average of once every 100 sec, even if the previous one has not yet been sent (e.g., the stations can buffer outgoing frames). What is the maximum value of N?

N¸öÕ¾¹²ÏíÒ»¸ö56kbpsµÄ´¿ALOHAÐŵÀ¡£Ã¿¸öվƽ¾ùÿ100ÃëÊä³öÒ»¸ö1000λµÄÖ¡£¬¼°Ê±Ç°ÃæµÄÖ¡»¹Ã»Óб»Ëͳö£¬ËüÒ²ÕâÑù½øÐУ¨±ÈÈçÕâЩվ¿ÉÒÔ½«ËͳöµÄÖ¡»º´æÆðÀ´£©¡£ÇëÎÊNµÄ×î´óÖµÊǶàÉÙ£¿

´ð£º¶ÔÓÚ´¿µÄALOHA£¬¿ÉÓõĴø¿íÊÇ0.184¡Á56 Kb/s?=10.304?Kb/ s¡£Ã¿¸öÕ¾ÐèÒªµÄ´ø¿íΪ1000/100=10b/s¡£¶ø?N=10304/10¡Ö1030 ËùÒÔ£¬×î¶à¿ÉÒÔÓÐ1030 ¸öÕ¾£¬¼´N µÄ×î´óֵΪ1030¡£ 4-3 Consider the delay of pure ALOHA versus slotted ALOHA at low load. Which one is less? Explain your answer.

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