ËùÒÔ£º
2-43 Suppose that x bits of user data are to be transmitted over a k-hop path in a packet-switched
network as a series of packets, each containing p data bits and h header bits, with x p + h. The bit rate of the lines is b bps and the propagation delay is negligible. What value of p minimizes the total delay? ¼Ù¶¨xλÓû§Êý¾Ý½«ÒÔһϵÁзÖ×éµÄÐÎʽ£¬ÔÚÒ»¸ö·Ö×é½»»»ÍøÂçÖÐÑØ×ÅÒ»Ìõ¹²ÓÐkÌøµ½Â·¾¶Ïòǰ´«Ê䣬ÿ¸ö·Ö×é°üº¬pλÊý¾ÝºÍhλµÄÍ·£¬ÕâÀïx>>p+h¡£Ïß·µÄ´«ÊäÂÊΪb bps£¬´«²¥ÑÓ³ÙºöÂÔ²»¼Æ¡£ÇëÎÊʲôÑùµÄpֵʹ×ÜÑÓ³Ù×îС£¿
´ð£ºËùÐèÒªµÄ·Ö×é×ÜÊýÊÇx /p £¬Òò´Ë×ܵÄÊý¾Ý¼ÓÉÏÍ·ÐÅÏ¢½»Í¨Á¿Îª(p+h)x/pλ¡£
Ô´¶Ë·¢ËÍÕâЩλÐèҪʱ¼äΪ(p+h?)x???/pb£»ÖмäµÄ·ÓÉÆ÷ÖØ´«×îºóÒ»¸ö·Ö×éËù»¨µÄ×Üʱ¼äΪ(k-1)(p?+h?)/ b
Òò´ËÎÒÃǵõ½µÄ×ܵÄÑÓ³ÙΪ
¶Ô¸Ãº¯ÊýÇóp µÄµ¼Êý£¬µÃµ½
Áî
µÃµ½
ÒòΪ?p£¾0£¬ËùÒÔ
¹Ê
ʱÄÜʹ×ܵÄÑÓ³Ù×îС¡£
µÚ 13 Ò³ ¹² 59 Ò³
2-44 In a typical mobile phone system with hexagonal cells, it is forbidden to reuse a frequency band in an adjacent cell. If 840 frequencies are available, how many can be used in a given cell?
ÔÚÒ»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÒÆ¶¯µç»°ÏµÍ³ÖУ¬·äÎѵ¥ÔªÎªÁù½ÇÐΣ¬ÔÚÏàÁڵĵ¥ÔªÄÚ½ûÖ¹ÖØÐÂʹÓÃÆµ¶Î¡£Èç¹û×ܹ²ÓÐ840¸öƵÂÊ¿ÉÒÔʹÓõϰ£¬ÔòÈκÎÒ»¸ö¸ø¶¨µÄµ¥ÔªÄÚ¿ÉÒÔʹÓöàÉÙ¸öƵÂÊ£¿
ÿ¸öµ¥ÔªÓÐ6¸öÁÚ¾Ó¡£Èç¹ûÖмäµÄµ¥ÔªÊ¹ÓÃÆµ¶Î×éºÏA£¬ËüµÄÁù¸öÁÚ¾Ó¿ÉÒÔ·Ö±ðʹÓÃµÄÆµ¶Î×éºÏB, C, B, C, B, C¡£»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬Ö»ÐèÒª3¸öµ¥Ò»µÄµ¥Ôª¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ã¿¸öµ¥Ôª¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ280¸öƵÂÊ¡£
2-50 Suppose that A, B, and C are simultaneously transmitting 0 bits, using a CDMA system with the chip sequences of Fig. 2-45(b). What is the resulting chip sequence?
FIG 2-45(b)
½á¹ûÊÇͨ¹ý¶ÔA¡¢B¡¢CÇó·´ÔÙ½«ÕâÈý¸öÂëÆ¬ÐòÁÐÏà¼ÓµÃµ½µÄ¡£ ½á¹ûÊÇ(+3 +1 +1 ?1 ?3 ?1 ?1 +1).
2-53 A CDMA receiver gets the following chips: (-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1). Assuming the chip sequences defined in Fig. 2-45(b), which stations transmitted, and which bits did each one send? Ò»¸öCDMA½ÓÊÕÆ÷µÃµ½ÁËÏÂÃæµÄʱ¼äƬ£¨-1+1-3+1-1-3+1+1£©¡£¼ÙÉèʱ¼äƬÐòÁÐÈçͼ2.45bÖÐËù¶¨Ò壬ÇëÎÊÄÇÐ©ÒÆ¶¯Õ¾´«ÊäÁËÊý¾Ý£¿Ã¿¸öÕ¾·¢ËÍÁËʲôλ£¿
Just compute the four normalized inner products:´Ë´¦´ð°¸ÖеÄ~ÒÉΪ-ºÅÖ®Îó£¿ (?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 ?1 ?1 +1 +1 ?1 +1 +1)/8 = 1
(?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 ?1 +1 ?1 +1 +1 +1 ?1)/8 = ? 1 (?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 +1 ?1 +1 +1 +1 ?1 ?1)/8 = 0
(?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 +1 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 +1 ?1)/8 = 1 ½á¹ûÊÇ A ºÍ D ·¢ËÍÁË1λ, B·¢ËÍÁË0λ, C ûÓз¢ËÍ¡£
µÚ 14 Ò³ ¹² 59 Ò³
µÚ 3 Õ Êý¾ÝÁ´Â·²ã
3-1 An upper-layer packet is split into 10 frames, each of which has an 80 percent chance of arriving undamaged. If no error control is done by the data link protocol, how many times must the message be sent on average to get the entire thing through?
Ò»¸öÉϲãµÄ·Ö×é±»ÇзֳÉ10Ö¡£¬Ã¿Ò»Ö¡ÓÐ80£¥µÄ»ú»á¿ÉÒÔÎÞËðµØµ½´ï¡£Èç¹ûÊý¾ÝÁ´Â·ÐÒéûÓÐÌṩ´íÎó¿ØÖƵϰ£¬ÇëÎÊ£¬¸Ã±¨ÎÄÆ½¾ùÐèÒª·¢ËͶàÉٴβÅÄÜÍêÕûµØµ½´ï½ÓÊÕ·½£¿
´ð£ºÓÉÓÚÿһ֡ÓÐ0.8 µÄ¸ÅÂÊÕýÈ·µ½´ï£¬Õû¸öÐÅÏ¢ÕýÈ·µ½´ïµÄ¸ÅÂÊΪ? p=0.810=0.107¡£ ΪʹÐÅÏ¢ÍêÕûµÄµ½´ï½ÓÊÕ·½£¬·¢ËÍÒ»´Î³É¹¦µÄ¸ÅÂÊÊÇp £¬¶þ´Î³É¹¦µÄ¸ÅÂÊÊÇ(1-p)p£¬Èý´Î³É¹¦µÄ¸ÅÂÊΪ(1-p?)2 p£¬i ´Î³É¹¦µÄ¸ÅÂÊΪ(1-p)i-1 ?p£¬Òò´Ëƽ¾ùµÄ·¢ËÍ´ÎÊýµÈÓÚ£º
3-2The following character encoding is used in a data link protocol: A: 01000111; B: 11100011; FLAG: 01111110; ESC: 11100000 Show the bit sequence transmitted (in binary) for the four-character frame: A B ESC FLAG when each of the following framing methods are used:
(a) Character count. (b) Flag bytes with byte stuffing. (c) Starting and ending flag bytes, with bit stuffing.
½á¹ûÊÇ
(a) 00000100 01000111 11100011 11100000 01111110
(b) 01111110 01000111 11100011 11100000 11100000 11100000 01111110 01111110
(c) 01111110 01000111 110100011 111000000 011111010 01111110
3-5 A bit string, 0111101111101111110, needs to be transmitted at the data link layer. What is the string actually transmitted after bit stuffing?
λ´®0111101111101111110ÐèÒªÔÚÊý¾ÝÁ´Â·²ãÉϱ»·¢ËÍ£¬ÇëÎÊ£¬¾¹ýλÌî³äÖ®ºóʵ¼Ê±»·¢ËͳöÈ¥µÄÊÇʲô£¿
µÚ 15 Ò³ ¹² 59 Ò³
Êä³öÊÇ1110111110011111010.
3-6 When bit stuffing is used, is it possible for the loss, insertion, or modification of a single bit to cause an error not detected by the checksum? If not, why not? If so, how? Does the checksum length play a role here?
¼ÙÉèʹÓÃÁËλÌî³ä³ÉÖ¡·½·¨£¬ÇëÎÊ£¬ÒòΪ¶ªÊ§Ò»Î»£¬²åÈëһ룬»òÕß´Û¸Äһλ¶øÒýÆðµÄ´íÎóÊÇ·ñÓпÉÄÜͨ¹ýУÑéºÍ¼ì²â³öÀ´£¿Èç¹û²»Äܵϰ£¬ÇëÎÊΪʲô£¿Èç¹ûÄܵϰ£¬ÇëÎÊУÑéºÍ³¤¶ÈÔÚÕâÀïÊÇÈçºÎÆð×÷Óõģ¿
´ð£º¿ÉÄÜ¡£¼Ù¶¨ÔÀ´µÄÕýÎİüº¬Î»ÐòÁÐ01111110 ×÷ΪÊý¾Ý¡£Î»Ìî³äÖ®ºó£¬Õâ¸öÐòÁн«±ä³É01111010¡£Èç¹ûÓÉÓÚ´«Êä´íÎóµÚ¶þ¸ö0 ¶ªÊ§ÁË£¬ÊÕµ½µÄλ´®ÓÖ±ä³É01111110£¬±»½ÓÊÕ·½¿´³ÉÊÇ֡β¡£È»ºó½ÓÊÕ·½Ôڸô®µÄÇ°ÃæÑ°ÕÒ¼ìÑéºÍ£¬²¢¶ÔËü½øÐÐÑéÖ¤¡£Èç¹û¼ìÑéºÍÊÇ16 룬ÄÇô±»´íÎóµÄ¿´³ÉÊǼìÑéºÍµÄ16 λµÄÄÚÈÝÅöÇɾÑéÖ¤ºóÈÔÈ»ÕýÈ·µÄ¸ÅÂÊÊÇ1/216¡£Èç¹ûÕâÖÖ¸ÅÂʵÄÌõ¼þ³ÉÁ¢ÁË£¬¾Í»áµ¼Ö²»ÕýÈ·µÄÖ¡±»½ÓÊÕ¡£ÏÔÈ»£¬¼ìÑéºÍ¶ÎÔ½³¤£¬´«Êä´íÎó²»±»·¢ÏֵĸÅÂÊ»áÔ½µÍ£¬µ«¸Ã¸ÅÂÊÓÀÔ¶²»µÈÓÚÁã¡£
3-16 Data link protocols almost always put the CRC in a trailer rather than in a header. Why? Êý¾ÝÁ´Â·ÐÒ鼸ºõ×ÜÊǽ«CRC·ÅÔÚβ²¿£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÍ·²¿£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
´ð£ºCRC ÊÇÔÚ·¢ËÍÆÚ¼ä½øÐмÆËãµÄ¡£Ò»µ©°Ñ×îºóһλÊý¾ÝËÍÉÏÍâ³öÏß·£¬¾ÍÁ¢¼´°ÑCRC±àÂ븽¼ÓÔÚÊä³öÁ÷µÄºóÃæ·¢³ö¡£Èç¹û°ÑCRC ·ÅÔÚÖ¡µÄÍ·²¿£¬ÄÇô¾ÍÒªÔÚ·¢ËÍ֮ǰ°ÑÕû¸öÖ¡Ïȼì²éÒ»±éÀ´¼ÆËãCRC¡£ÕâÑùÿ¸ö×Ö½Ú¶¼Òª´¦ÀíÁ½±é£¬µÚÒ»±éÊÇΪÁ˼ÆËã¼ìÑéÂ룬µÚ¶þ±éÊÇΪÁË·¢ËÍ¡£°ÑCRC ·ÅÔÚβ²¿¾Í¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ´¦Àíʱ¼ä¼õ°ë¡£
3-17 A channel has a bit rate of 4 kbps and a propagation delay of 20 msec. For what range of frame
µÚ 16 Ò³ ¹² 59 Ò³