漂洗制得生矾，故称矾红。亦称铁红和抹红。在氧化气氛中以900℃烤烧而成。矾红釉上彩在宋定窑、磁州窑系均已出现，是我国最早的釉上彩。这种低温铁红釉彩自明嘉靖朝开始替代高温铜红釉以来获得极大的发展。

墨彩：以黑色为主，兼用矾红、本金等彩料，在瓷器上绘画，经彩炉烘烤而成。墨彩始见于康熙时期，是五彩、珐琅彩、粉彩瓷器中常见的色彩。浓黑的彩料在似雪的白釉下装饰绘画，深浅浓淡相宜，与水墨画的效果相似，所以又称之为―彩水墨画‖。

釉下三彩：清代康熙时期创烧，是以氧化铜、氧化钴、氧化铁3种元素为着色剂，集青花、釉里红、豆青三种色彩于一器的釉下彩品种。三种对温度要求不同的高温彩集于一器，使釉下彩工艺更进了一步。

颜色釉：瓷釉的一个种类。在瓷器基础釉料中分别加入铁、铜、锰、钴等氧化金属着色剂，在相应的烧成条件下，釉面就会呈现出青、褐、红、蓝等某种色泽。古陶瓷的颜色釉种类繁多，仅青釉就有豆青、粉青、天青、梅子青等等，多达20余种。关于古代陶瓷釉色的分类，如按温度划分，颜色釉可分为高温釉（1250℃以上）、中温釉（1100~1250℃）、低温釉（1100℃以下）。如按颜色划分，可分为纯色釉、结晶釉、花色釉、纹片釉。

第四部分 南国明珠——广东陶瓷的发展历程

（新石器时代至清）

广东地区的陶瓷业，同样有着悠久的历史，并且逐渐形成了鲜明的地域特点。

广东在新石器时代早期已出现了夹砂粗陶器，在新石器时代晚期出现了轮制技术。春秋战国时期，出现了早期龙窑。釉陶和几何印纹陶的出现，成为青铜时代区别于新石器时代的重要标志之一。

秦汉时期广东制陶工艺更有显著的进步。除日用器外，随葬明器和建筑用陶也大量生产。东汉至晋代越式陶器式微，反映出越文化被中原文化融合的过程。

晋代开始，广东已能制作青釉瓷器，并通过南海出口国外。唐、宋时期广东陶瓷生产遍及各地，匣钵装烧和龙窑的普及标志着工艺技术的空前进步。梅县水车窑、潮州笔架山窑、广州西村窑、雷州窑等是当时较有影响的本土窑场，产品也大量外销到东南亚、中西亚等地。

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明清时期，石湾陶器和广彩瓷器以质优物美而名扬海内外，成为我国陶瓷百花园中的两朵奇葩。

History of Guangdong Pottery and Porcelain (From the Neolithic Age to the Qing Dynasty)

Guangdong ceramic industry has a long history, gradually forming its distinct local characteristics.

Coarse sandy clay ware had been made in the early Neolithic Age. Wheel and axle technique had been used in the late Neolithic Age. There has been early dragon kiln in the Spring and Autumn Period. Glazed pottery and pottery with geometric design became the important mark, which differs the Bronze Age from the Neolithic Age. Guangdong had made a great progress in pottery making technique in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Besides household utensils, a large number of ritual and construction objects were made. The Yue-style pottery had become less since the Eastern Han and Jin Dynasties, reflecting the process of the Yue Culture integrated by the culture of the Central Plains.

Since the Jin Dynasty, green glazed porcelain had been made in Guangdong and exported to the outside from the South China Sea. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, ceramic production was all over the province. Guangdong made a great progress in ceramic craft. The Shuiche Kiln in Meixian, the Bijiashan Kiln in Chaozhou, the Xicun Kiln in Guangzhou and the Leizhou Kiln were famous kilns in Guangdong. Products of these kilns exported on large scale to Southeast Asia, Central and West Asia, etc.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shiwan pottery and Kwon-glazed porcelain were well known at home and abroad, becoming the two exotic flowers in the garden of Chinese ceramics.

1、陶豆 商（公元前16-11世纪） 饶平出土 Pottery Dou (a high-stemmed saucer), unearthed in Raoping Shang Dynasty (16th – 11th century B.C.)

*2、褐釉陶尊 商（公元前16-11世纪） 饶平出土 Brown glazed pottery cup, unearthed in Raoping Shang Dynasty (16th – 11th century B.C.)

3、环底陶罐 西周（约公元前11世纪—前771年） 博罗横岭山出土 Pottery jar, unearthed in Boluo

Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century B.C. – 771 B.C.)

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4、环底陶罐 西周（约公元前11世纪—前771年） 博罗横岭山出土 Pottery jar, unearthed in Boluo

Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century B.C. – 771 B.C.)

5、陶簋 西周（约公元前11世纪—前771年） 博罗横岭山出土 Pottery Gui (a container for grain and other foodstuffs), unearthed in Boluo Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century B.C. – 771 B.C.)

6、原始瓷豆 春秋（公元前770-476年） 博罗横岭山出土 Proto-porcelain Dou (a high-stemmed saucer), unearthed in Boluo Spring and Autumn Period (770 – 476 B.C.)

7、、双耳罐 西周（约公元前11世纪—前771年） 博罗横岭山出土 Double-eared jar, unearthed in Boluo

Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century B.C. – 771 B.C.)

8、原始瓷盘 春秋 （公元前770-476年）韶关出土 Proto-porcelain plate, unearthed in Shaoguan Spring and Autumn Period (770 – 476 B.C.)

9、 三耳陶罐 春秋（公元前770-476年） 珠海出土 Pottery jar with three ears, unearthed in Zhuhai Spring and Autumn Period (770 – 476 B.C.)

10、陶罐 战国（公元前475-221年） 肇庆出土 Pottery jar, unearthed in Zhaoqing Warring States Period (475 – 221 B.C.)

11.青瓷瓿 战国（公元前475-221年） 肇庆出土 Celadon Bu (a container for water or wine), unearthed in Zhaoqing Warring States Period (475 – 221 B.C.)

*12、酱黄釉划花陶温壶 东汉（25-220 ） 佛山澜石出土 Dark yellow glazed pottery pot with incised floral design, unearthed in Foshan Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220)

13、陶猪 东汉（25-220） 佛山澜石出土 Pottery pig, unearthed in Foshan Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220)

#14、红陶母鸡 东汉（25-220） 佛山澜石出土 Red pottery hen, unearthed in Foshan Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220)

15、楼阁式陶屋 东汉（25-220） 南海平洲出土

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Pottery miniature house, unearthed in Nanhai Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220)

#16、青褐釉盘口壶 东汉 （25-220） Bluish brown vase

Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220)

17、青釉鸡首壶 东晋（317-420） 高要披云楼一号墓出土 Celadon chicken-spout pot, unearthed in Gaoyao Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 – 420)

#18、青黄釉碗 南朝（420-589） 韶关出土 Greenish yellow glazed bowl, unearthed in Shaoguan Southern Dynasties (420 – 589)

19、堆塑人物陶罐 唐（618-907） 佛山出土 Pottery jar, unearthed in Foshan Tang Dynasty (618 – 907)

20、青釉六耳盖罐 南朝（420-589） 韶关出土 Covered celadon jar with six ears, unearthed in Shaoguan Southern Dynasties (420 – 589)

*21、水车窑青釉双耳大口罐 唐（618-907） 梅县出土

该器物于1981年在梅县畲坑唐墓出土，属梅县水车窑产品。窑址有青釉碗、杯、碟、四耳罐、钵等。器物胎体厚重，胎为灰色或灰白色。罐有高、矮两种形式，从口、肩、腹至足曲线变化平稳，地方特色浓厚。早期器物青釉色泽较淡，青中泛黄，器外多施半釉，并有剥釉现象。晚期器物釉色较深，釉层略厚，胎质坚硬，器外一般满釉支烧。

Celadon jar with double ears, Shuiche ware, unearthed in Meixian Tang Dynasty (618 -907)

This jar, Shuiche ware, was unearthed in Meixian in 1981. Green glazed bowl, cups, dish, four ears jar and so on were also unearthed in it. The body of pottery was thick in gray or grayish white. Green glaze in the early times was light in dark green tinted with yellow. Glazed wares made in the later times were dark in color with thick and hard body.

22、青釉六耳罐 南汉（917-971） 广州石马村出土 Celadon jar with six ears, unearthed in Guangzhou Southern Han Dynasty (917 – 971)

23、青釉夹梁盖罐 南汉（917---971） 广州番禺石马

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